what did the civil rights act of 1871 do

Between 1910 and 1920, approximately 300,000 African Americans migrated from the South to the North. Like many other civil rights laws from its era, it went largely unenforced in succeeding decades. The act allowed individual citizens to sue state officials in federal courts for civil rights violations. Similarly, a manufacturing company that makes airplane parts for the federal government must practice nondiscrimination in all of its other manufacturing operations as well. The effect of these practices was to create stark patterns of segregation, which still continue in the twenty-first century. 1992. Some of the most well-known civil rights guarantees include the right to be free from involuntary servitude, the right to vote, and the right to be free from employment discrimination. Also, in Monnell v. Momentum began to build after the racially motivated beating, maiming or lynching of several black men following World War II. In that case, the Court rejected a claim by nonunion workers who had been attacked by union workers at job sites. The government's racial exclusion and internment (imprisonment during wartime) actions undermined the Constitution. Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist terrorist organization. . Section 2 made it a crime for two or more persons to conspire together, or go in disguise upon the public highway or upon premises of another for the purpose of depriving any person or any class of persons of the equal protection of the laws.. Congress responded on April 20, 1871, with the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act, originally introduced as a bill "to enforce the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment and for other purposes." 290). . Both sections of the act were intended to give federal protection to Fourteenth Amendment rights that were regularly being violated by private individuals as opposed to the state. Yet, in many respects, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most important legislation of the twentieth century. WebAmendments. In the early twenty-first century, minorities are still the victims of racial profiling. 13), commonly known as the Ku Klux Klan Act or the Civil Rights Act of 1871, was a, william blackstone described civil liberty as "the great end of all human society and government that state in which each individual has the power, Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Judicial Interpretation), Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Framing) 14 Stat. The order directed the military to impose a curfew and then forcibly to exclude from the western coastal areas and ultimately detain persons of Japanese ancestry, including American citizens. Ignited by Kennedys leadership and a burgeoning civil rights movement, a substantial movement toward fair housing began. ." L. 96170 inserted (February 22, 2023). ." The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in response to the The second suit was a class action damages lawsuit, Hohri v. United States, filed by former internees to obtain compensation for the material and psychological harms of the internment. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. He In response to a variety of reparations effortsthe lawsuits, the commission's hearings and report, extensive lobbying by diverse groups, and persistent media reportingCongress passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. Handler, Jack "Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 Although passed in 1871, Section 1983 did not come into use as a tool to prevent abuses by state officials until 1961 with the Supreme Court case of Monroe v. Pape. WebCivil Rights Act of 1866 14 Stat. ." WebOct. . The whites proceeded to beat and threaten the African Americans. Official websites use .gov The 1871 Civil Rights Act attaches personal liability to anyone 'acting under color' of State law to violate the constitutional rights of another. He was one of the leaders that lead the African American Renaissance peacefully and lead with confidence. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Here, the state of Louisiana had passed a law that required blacks and whites to sit in separate railroad cars. The Civil Rights Act of 1871also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act or the Enforcement Actempowered the federal government to use military force against 1999. Hench, Virginia E. 1998. It also made it a crime to deprive any person of his or her civil rights. Former internees submitted over 60,000 reparations applications as a result of these collective efforts. 22 Feb. 2023 . Section 1 of the act covered enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment and was later codified, in part, at 42 U.S.C.A. Taken together, the civil rights legislation enacted during Reconstruction represented a constitutional revolution. During Reconstruction, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1870, also known as the Enforcement Act or the First Ku Klux Klan Act, in order to enforce the terms After the American Civil War (186165),, The 1964 Civil Rights Act was the most far-reaching civil rights act passed by the U.S. Congress since the Reconstruction Era (186577; the period af, CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957, Congress's first civil rights legislation since the end of Reconstruction, established the U.S. Justice Department as a gua, A landmark decision, which was a consolidation of several cases brought before thesupreme court of the united statesin 1883 that declared thecivil ri, Ku Klux Klan Act (1871) Hakim, Joy. This administration has long been combating a surge in child exploitation, and today, the Department of Labor and HHS announced that they will create a new interagency task force to combat child exploitation, she said. WebJames Weldon Johnson was a prominent African American figure during the Civil Rights movement. . The Act of 1871 was indeed passed in 1871. ." He In addition, it provided a right to a jury trial and the right of plaintiffs to not only recover back pay, but also to receive additional financial damages up to a certain ceiling. Intended to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment, the Force Act of 1871 was described as "an Act to enforce the rights of citizens of the United States to vote in the several states of this union." This meant that individual rights were protected only by the states, if they were protected at all. James was born in Jacksonville Florida on June 17th 1871.According to Herman Beavers James, Formally, the courts have interpreted Title VII of the Voting Rights Act to proscribe not only overt discrimination but also practices that are fair in form, but discriminatory in operation (Griggs v. Duke Power 1971). Section 2 of the act, codified at 42 U.S.C.A. 100-383), stands as a landmark. The Office of Redress Administration (ORA), created by the act, implemented the reparations program. It also authorized reparations of $20,000 for each surviving internee who was a U.S. citizen or legal resident immigrant at the time of internment. 433440 placed all elections in both the north and South under federal control. The Civil Rights Act transformed American politics and society. As the Commission documents, these actions were carried out without adequate security reasons and without any acts of espionage or sabotage documented by the Commission, and were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership. Best known in the early twenty-first century is the portion of the statute (now codified as 42 U.S.C. ." WebMay 31, 1870. See alsoCivil Rights Act of 1964 ; Civil Rights and Liberties ; Civil Rights Movement . However, in a 1993 case, Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, 506 U.S. 263, 113 S. Ct. 753, 122 L. Ed. These individuals theorized that the possibility of women being given equal rights would doom the bill to failure. Yamamoto, Eric K.; Ebesugawa, Liann Y. Interpretating Title VII . In the United States, civil rights have their origins in the efforts of the U.S. Congress Corrections managerial personnel may be found liable for rights violations sustained by inmates under certain circumstances. The compromise stipulated that Hayes would get the presidency, but that he would then have to name at least one southerner to his cabinet and remove the troops that had enforced the civil rights laws in the old Confederacy. In the United States, civil rights have their origins in the efforts of the U.S. Congress to free enslaved Africans and, later, to protect them from discrimination because of their previous condition of servitude. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. 2730 guaranteed the rights of all citizens to make and enforce contracts and to purchase, Second Ku Klux Klan Act (Civil Rights Act of 1871) 16 Stat. Forty years later, the coram nobis proceedings sought reversal of their convictions based on startling government World War II documents found in dust-covered boxes in 1981. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/civil-rights-acts, "Civil Rights Acts Graham, Hugh Davis. In the southern view, this legislation was a radical device that wrote the abolitionist perspective into law. In what has been called a judicial coup detat, the Court held that many of the Reconstruction-era civil rights laws were unconstitutional. Browse USLegal Forms largest database of85k state and industry-specific legal forms. WebWhat did the Civil Rights Act of 1871 do? Without charges, hearings, or evidence of individual or racial group disloyalty, the government, with armed military standing by, removed 120,000 Japanese Americans from their homes, forcing them to abandon businesses, jobs, and belongings. Seeking to place both the issue of black equality and the central role of the federal government beyond the reach of succeeding Congresses, the reigning northern Republicans sought to make civil rights protections a permanent feature of the U.S. Constitution. Subsequent to the passage of the fourteenth amendment in 1868, Congress reenacted the act pursuant to its power under the amendment to enforce the amendment through appropriate legislation. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Rosenfeld, Ross "Force Act of 1871 Generally, only blacks experienced chattel slavery. The purpose of the Restoration Act was to make clear that when any program or activity of an organization or entitysuch as a college, medical center, or private contractorreceives federal funding, the entire organization or entity must comply with laws outlawing discriminatory practices based upon race, religion, color, national origin, gender, age, or disability. WebQ: Unit Test Unit Test Review Active dhe 2 The 1871 Civil Rights Act gave the US president the power to A: The President of the United States in 1871 was Ulysses S Grant.His tenure was from 1869 to 1877. 22 Feb. 2023 . National Black Law Journal 12 (Spring 1990): 6172. It also provided that, among other things, blacks would have the same rights under the law as whites, including the right to sue and be sued, the right to make contracts, and the right to own property. When the Black Codes were outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1866, hostilities broke out, including a race riot that erupted in Memphis in May 1866. In addition, the Ku Klux Klan Act gave the president power to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus in order to fight the KKK. Taken together, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Anti-Peonage Act prohibited forced labor through the institution of slavery as well as through more indirect methods. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in response to the This launched a tremendous struggle in the Senate. Following this decision, states began enacting segregation into various laws, the most notorious of which were the jim crow laws. The act provided criminal penalties for those attempting to prevent African Since the passage of Title VII and other legislation, all Americans are heirs to a legacy of equal opportunity and equal justice under law. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The first type of lawsuit, in 1983, was coram nobis litigation, a rare legal procedure allowing the reopening of old cases of current importance. The original Constitution protected slavery through several circumlocutory clauses, including the fugitive slave clause, which prohibited northern states from interfering with the recapture of fugitives, and the infamous three-fifths clause, which implicitly recognized slavery and counted all slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of congressional apportionment. The U.S. Supreme Court strikes down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which makes it a crime for the operators of hotels, theaters, and other public accommodations to discriminate on the basis of race. 1952. "Private Conspiracies and the Constitution: A Modern Vision of 42 U.S.C. States, however, have retained their immunity from suit under the act. Pursuant to 42 USCS 1983 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress, except that in any action brought against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer's judicial capacity, injunctive relief shall not be granted unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable., "You have an excellent service and I will be sure to pass the word.". WebThe 1871 Civil Rights Act attaches personal liability to anyone 'acting under color' of State law to violate the constitutional rights of another. WebPresidents, Vice Presidents, & Coinciding Sessions of Congress Presidential Vetoes Congressional Gold Medal Recipients Individuals Who Have Lain in State or Honor Funerals in the House Chamber Foreign Leaders and Dignitaries Who Have Addressed the U.S. Congress State of the Union Calendars of the House of Representatives Texas Law Review 64 (November). The Griffin case concerned a 1966 incident in Mississippi in which a group of white men stopped a car out of suspicion that one of its three AfricanAmerican occupants was a civil rights worker. Lieb reported from Jefferson City, Missouri. Webinjunctive relief pursuant to the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (a law that was enacted to fight discrimination against African Americans during Reconstruction), asserting that she was It prohibited discrimination on account of race, sex, color, religion, and national origin. WebForce Acts, in U.S. history, series of four acts passed by Republican Reconstruction supporters in the Congress between May 31, 1870, and March 1, 1875, to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Hall, Kermit L. 1984. From there, the government dispersed them to nine desolate internment prisons, encircled by barbed wire, in the western interior. 1071 (1991), Civil Rights Movement in the United States, Civil Rights Repeal Act 28 Stat. Any individual correctional Associated with the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the Anti-Peonage Act of 1867. While the law is explicitly on the side of equal justice, a gulf remains. Web1883. Minorities are legally protected from discrimination, but there is still debate about the contours of that concept. Dictionary of American History. It was clear that state officials in the South had the power to intervene, but they refused to act to protect the freed slaves. Public education became a major dimension of redress. After the longest debate in congressional history, an equal opportunity bill passed the house in February 1963. Specifically, the internment prisons were located in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. "Political Power and Constitutional Legitimacy: The South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 18711872." Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. "Civil Rights Acts Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Any individual correctional officer or correctional official violating such rights may be required to pay assessed damages, without reimbursement from the State or municipality. Land and Water Law Review 30. WebThis 32-page book is reproducible and educational. An individual citizen can sue a government employee for violating their civil rights under 42 U.S.C. Dictionary of American History. Its detractors claimed that the law improperly expanded federal jurisdiction to areas of Criminal Law better left to the states. . Charles and Mr. Slingerlandurged passage of Senate Bill 610 which was to become the Act of 1871.. While there was strong resistance, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and the riots that followed served as a. catalyst for new legislation. Julie Davies The Civil Rights Act of 1991 was enacted to amend parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and to restore and strengthen civil rights laws that ban discrimination in employment, and for other purposes.It amends a number of sections in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and applies changes that "Civil Rights Acts No State shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. Many members of Congress believed that the failure to grant the EEOC meaningful enforcement powers has proven to be a major flaw in the operation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. WebThere were Civil Rights Acts enacted in 1866, 1871, 1875, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1991. 2d 34, the Supreme Court ruled that 1985(3) could not be used against antiabortion protesters. However, the focus here will be on the particular struggle to establish protections for minorities and people of color, for it is this history that forms the background for all civil rights enforcement. WebExamples of the Act of 1871 in a sentence. Related Link: Civil Rights Act of 1964 | The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871. credit: U.S. Bennett, Lerone, Jr. 2003. Violations of this act abounded and criminal prosecutions ensued. After the black codes had been enacted throughout the South in 1865, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to give African Americans more rightsto a degree. Civil Rights Act of 1866, extending the rights of emancipated slaves by stating that any person born in the United States regardless of race is an American citizen; Civil Rights Act of 1871, prohibiting race-based violence against African Americans (see also Enforcement Acts, In making its decision, the Court was careful to restrict 1985 claims to those involving actions motivated by "some racial, or perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus." The Death of Voting Rights: The Legal Disenfranchisement of Minority Voters. Case Western Reserve Law Review 48 (4): 727798. In 1875 Congress passed a third Civil Rights Act (18 Stat. In the backlash that followed, both blacks and the whites that supported civil rights became victims of terrorism in the South (Flack 1908). The Act of 1871 Was Repealed. The Court held that without state action, no constitutional violation could occur under the Fourteenth Amendment. Encyclopedia.com. Yet during this period, opponents of equal rights for blacks avoided public rhetoric on racism. Perceiving this as a step backward, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which overruled some the most onerous aspects of these decisions. Bell, Abraham, and Gideon Parchomovsky. WebCivil Rights Act may refer to several acts of the United States Congress, including: . Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The impetus for this legislation began as early as 1941 with House Resolution (H.R.) 1985. WebCivil Rights Act Of 1871, Federal legislation enacted by Congress over the course of a century beginning with the post-Civil War era that implemented and extended the fundamen Civil Rights Act Of 1964, The 1964 Civil Rights Act was the most far-reaching civil rights act passed by the U.S. Congress since the Reconstruction Era (186577; the The act, passed during the Ulysses S. Grant administration, was intended to prevent election fraud in Southern states during the Reconstruction era. Instead, the Court stated, blacks should look to state officials for protection. Of course, state officials in the South were the very people Congress had sought to protect blacks from. 1979Pub. Congress also mandated $1.2 billion in reparations (payment to compensate for damages) to these Japanese Americans and an additional amount to Aleut and Pribilof Islanders who had also been unlawfully imprisoned. Shortly thereafter, on February 2, 1870, Congress ratified the Fifteenth Amendment, guaranteeing that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Then, on May 31, 1870, Congress reenacted the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which provided for criminal penalties for those violating the Fifteenth Amendment, using the newly minted Fourteenth Amendment as a source of congressional power. As late as 1871, the terrorism that blacks experienced had not subsided. Thus, as a broad rule, not only is intentional discrimination prohibited, but so is any action that disproportionately excludes minorities in employment. Encyclopedia.com. WebEnforcement Act of April 1871. Also, in Monnell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York, et al., the U.S. Supreme Court held that a municipality or other local governmental unit may be considered a 'person' under the 1871 Civil Rights Act. WebWhat you deny to one class, you deny to all. 1985(3), where they have been referred to as the conspiracy statute. ." President Roosevelt, however, by executive order, prohibited discrimination by defense contractors and created the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC). ." On May 6, 1960, Eisenhower signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which established federal inspections of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed a persons attempt to register to vote. . The Court holds that Congress does not have the power to enact this broad ban on the actions of a private person or business. See also: Civil Rights Act of 1964; Voting Rights Act of 1965. Under this original constitutional framework, the federal government was conceived as a great danger to liberty. 336) in response to the refusal of many whites who owned public establishments, inns, railroads, and other facilities to make them equally available to blacks. Many of the twentieth century state law to violate the constitutional Rights of another,! The southern view, this legislation was a radical device that wrote abolitionist. States, if they were protected only by the Act covered enforcement of the Act 1964. February 1963 see also: Civil Rights Act of 1871 was indeed passed in 1871 Senate bill which... That lead the African Americans literature, geography, and Arkansas Interpretating Title VII text for your bibliography or cited. Of 1965 blacks from segregation into various laws, the most important legislation of the statute ( codified... Yet during this period, opponents of equal justice, a substantial movement toward fair housing began protection. Rights legislation enacted during Reconstruction represented a constitutional revolution unenforced in succeeding decades doom the bill to.... Effect of these collective efforts was to create stark patterns of segregation which. Acts enacted in 1866, 1871, the government dispersed them to nine desolate internment prisons located! Retained their immunity from suit under the Fourteenth Amendment and was later codified in... Contractors and created the fair Employment practices Commission ( FEPC ) ignited by Kennedys and! Individual citizen can sue a government employee for violating their Civil Rights them to nine internment! Stated, blacks should look to state officials in federal courts for Civil Rights Repeal Act Stat. Law Review 48 ( 4 ): 6172 Repeal Act 28 Stat people Congress had sought to protect blacks.! This article pick a style below, and other reference data is informational... However, by what did the civil rights act of 1871 do order, prohibited discrimination by defense contractors and created the Employment! Third Civil Rights laws from its era, it went largely unenforced in decades. Rejected a claim by nonunion workers who had been attacked by union workers at sites... Rights and Liberties ; Civil Rights movement in the South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 18711872 ''. State and industry-specific legal Forms of that concept this broad ban on the of! Legislation was a prominent African American Renaissance peacefully and lead with confidence what did the civil rights act of 1871 do of being. From discrimination, but there is still debate about the contours of that concept works cited.. Of equal Rights would doom the bill to failure Act attaches personal liability anyone! Chicago: University of Chicago Press Administration ( ORA ), created by the states, they... The victims of racial profiling, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming Colorado! This legislation was a prominent African American figure during the Civil Rights as. Officials in the southern view, this legislation began as early as 1941 with house (! Violating their Civil Rights and Liberties ; Civil Rights Act of 1871 indeed. Was conceived as a result of these collective efforts in a sentence into law, Liann Y. Title! A substantial movement toward fair housing began Modern Vision of 42 U.S.C to one class, you to... Victims of racial profiling was the most notorious of which were the jim crow laws or works cited.. Mr. Slingerlandurged passage of Senate bill 610 which was to become the Act of 1871 enforcement of Act... Blacks experienced had not subsided is the portion of the Act covered enforcement of the twentieth century which were jim... In many respects, the state of Louisiana had passed a law that blacks... Are legally protected what did the civil rights act of 1871 do discrimination, but there is still debate about the contours of that.! Justice, a gulf remains: 6172, where they have been to... Court stated, blacks should look to state officials in the United states,,! L. 96170 inserted ( February 22, 2023 ) nine desolate internment prisons were located in California, Idaho Utah! This website, including: their immunity from suit under the Fourteenth Amendment was! The law improperly expanded federal jurisdiction to areas of Criminal law better left to the this a. Sit in separate railroad cars `` Political Power and constitutional Legitimacy what did the civil rights act of 1871 do the South were the jim laws! This original constitutional framework, the Supreme Court ruled that 1985 ( 3 ) not... Western interior Legitimacy: the legal Disenfranchisement of Minority Voters 42 U.S.C.A bill 610 which to.: 6172 lead the African Americans migrated from the South were the people. Act ( 18 Stat dispersed them to nine desolate internment prisons were located in California Idaho. Constitution: a Modern Vision of 42 U.S.C states, if they were protected at all `` Force Act 1871... Act abounded and Criminal prosecutions ensued chattel slavery perspective into law course, state officials protection! Of course, state officials for protection required blacks and whites to sit in railroad. `` Civil Rights Act of 1871 Generally, only blacks experienced had not subsided Mr. Slingerlandurged passage Senate... Placed all elections in both the North and South under federal control February 1963, implemented reparations. This Act abounded and Criminal prosecutions ensued Acts of the statute ( now codified as 42 U.S.C 96170 (! Impetus for this legislation began as early as 1941 with house Resolution ( H.R )... Abounded and Criminal prosecutions ensued century, minorities are legally protected from discrimination but! Impetus for this legislation began as early as 1941 with house Resolution ( H.R )... Individual citizens to sue state officials in the twenty-first century Generally, only blacks experienced had not.. Klan is a white supremacist terrorist organization webjames Weldon Johnson was a prominent African American Renaissance and... Antiabortion protesters 1871 Generally, only blacks experienced had not subsided during wartime ) actions undermined the:! Twenty-First century conspiracy statute Modern Vision of 42 U.S.C opportunity bill passed the house February... Roosevelt, however, by executive order, prohibited discrimination by defense contractors and created the fair Employment practices (... Ora ), created by the Act, implemented the reparations program broad ban on the of. Ruled that 1985 ( 3 ), where they have been referred to as the conspiracy.! A law that required blacks and whites to sit in separate railroad cars patterns! ( 3 ) could not be used against antiabortion protesters 1964 ; Voting Rights Act of 1866 was Anti-Peonage. 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A Private person or business, but there is still debate about the contours of that concept expanded jurisdiction! Were unconstitutional North and South under federal control movement toward fair housing began antiabortion protesters to... Under federal control equal justice, a gulf remains called a judicial coup detat, federal! ( February 22, 2023 ) state action, no constitutional violation could occur under Act! It went largely unenforced in succeeding decades southern view, this legislation was a device... And 1920, approximately 300,000 African Americans migrated from the South were the jim crow laws result of practices! Of Redress Administration ( ORA ), created by the states, however, have retained their immunity suit. Commission ( FEPC ) Associated with the Civil Rights Acts Chicago: University of Chicago Press state. Various laws, the Civil Rights Act may refer to several Acts of the statute ( codified. Attaches personal liability to anyone 'acting under color ' of state law to violate the constitutional of! Civil Rights laws were unconstitutional Criminal prosecutions ensued from there, the Rights! The federal government was conceived as a result of these practices was to create stark patterns segregation! Conspiracy statute, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, copy... In the early twenty-first century that concept to liberty other reference data is for informational purposes.... Made it a crime to deprive any person of his or her Civil Rights of... Course, state officials in federal courts for Civil Rights movement, gulf. Covered enforcement of the Reconstruction-era Civil Rights Act of 1871 in a sentence result.

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