Reading Time: 1 minutesThe Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. The Americans made up a tiny minority of the population but dominated Liberian politics until the 1980s. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? TEMPERANCE. Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. Historian James Sidbury has argued that Vesey and his conspirators sought to build their liberation movement through their access to books and their skill in interpreting them. The most important of these texts by far was the Bible; Vesey and church leaders argued that the Bible did not sanction slavery or command obedience from slaves. The sisters spoke before state legislations and were among the first women to speak in public forums before mixed sex groups. Throughout the South, slaves attended camp meetings. Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. Walker stood as a vocal opponent of colonization, saying that the United States belonged more to African Americans than to whites, because the black population had earned the country with their blood and tears.. For example, Virginia passed legislation making it illegal to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. The Mayflower carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers. Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. Many people, accustomed to thinking of salvation as being determined by God alone, found the possibility of playing an active role in determining their religious fate exhilarating. \quad\text{Total Current Assets}& \$ 2,925,000 &\$ 2,400,000\\ There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. -The Owenites originated in Britain and that practice made its way to Indiana, which makes it international in scope because it aimed to spread the ideas of this society around the world. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ 2. What is its accounts receivable turnover? The wealthy engaged private tutors and academies. With this message of spiritual equality, American Christian movements focused on the ordinary people as well as the marginalized of society for the first time. The temperance movement stemmed in part from new social conditions such as increasing urbanization immigration. The church encouraged the formation of an extremely tight-knit community, driven by a strong sense of social obligation and a law of tithing which required Mormons to give 10% of their property at conversion and 10% of their yearly income thereafter. Camp meetings were so called because, on the sparsely populated frontier, many attendees had to travel long distances to the meeting and camp out at the location. As a characteristic of the black community (free and slave) of Richmond during the period, evangelical Christianity was one part of Gabriels message of freedom. Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. Antebellum Reforms: A Women's Rights Movement. \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ They were subsequently executed. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Unlike the prevailing message of the Second Great Awakening in the Burned-Over district, the Mormon church was extremely patriarchial; women could achieve salvation only through obedience and submission to their husbands. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. Twenty years later in Charleston, South Carolina, lay-preacher Denmark Vesey led a similar conspiracy to incite rebellion. He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. \quad\text{Total}& \$14,000,000 &\$13,200,000\\ On the frontier, an offshoot of the Second Great Awakening sought to restore the Christian Church into one unified body patterned after the original, primitive, or fundamental, form of Christianity described in the New Testament. The Unitarian church was most popular in New England and was centered in Boston. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. "The Antebellum reforms was a new, more radical anti-slavery movement that emerged by the early 1830s. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. Slaveholders must be convinced of the sinfulness of their ways, and the North of its complicity in the peculiar institution. 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This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. \text{Cost of Goods Sold}&&\$ 5,000,000\\ Many southerners feared an uprising from within by the abolitionists. In every state, laws restricted the political and civil liberties of free African Americans. Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. Its program for ending slavery stood in stark contrast to the "colonizationist" position earlier . Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. The new Protestant denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers. In numerous ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. The African Americans wanted equal rights and so the white Americans imposed that they would let them go back to Africa and have their freedom. Smith described Moroni as a son of the prophet Mormon and the last of the Nephites, descendants of Hebrews who had travelled to the Americas sometime around 500 BCE. \text{Depreciation of Plant and Equipment and Amortization}\\ They were inspired in part by the success of British abolitionists. During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. A Massachusetts schoolteacher was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane, who at the time generally were placed in jails alongside debtors and hardened criminals. Although Vesey's plans failed, southerners became terrified of losing control over slaves. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. The increasing urbanization of the United States and the large numbers of immigrants, especially Germans, had transformed the nation in ways that were unfamiliar and that some found threatening. In New England, the movements call to seek perfection in oneself and the world inspired a wave of social activism, including reform movements in abolition, temperance movements, womens rights, and education. \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES - Reform communities where small groups of men and women attempted to establish a more perfect order within the larger society. Turner himself evaded capture for months. \text{Prepayments}& 200,000 &200,000\\ These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ In some instances, whites and blacks had separate, adjacent meetings; in others, they attended the same camp meeting, but slaves were in segregated seating. \quad\text{Total Assets}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ Old patterns were breaking down, and many felt that the country had become a moral vacuum. Urbanization and immigration also provided a new concentration of the poor. Saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement. Its roots lay in the revivals of the Second Great Awakening, where religious reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ \text{Amortization of Patent} &&125,000\\ The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. Legal. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. Retained Earnings for 2013 Martin proceeded to use scriptural arguments to help convince other slaves to join the attack on the city. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. Generally, the evangelical movement changed over time and became more limiting and conservative in their views of race and gender. In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. North and South white Americans want to colonization the African American slaves, it was response to for making African Americans slaves. In asylums they receive temporary care and attention. \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ What were the similarities between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. What are the other consequences? The White Americans still wanted public white only area. The health reform experience of the past decade does provide a number of more specific lessons for us. \quad\text{Total Investments}& \$ 5,200,000 &\$ 3,200,000\\ However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. Revival and Religious Change. The Garrisionians wanted Douglass to simply get up and tell his story, to tell his narrative on the platform. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. A decade later, Nat Turner used the message of the Second Great Awakening to help incite one of the largest slave rebellions in United States history. Additional information is as follows: Over the next fifteen years, Smith and his followers migrated westward, from New York to Ohio, and then on to Missouri and ultimately to Utah under the direction of Brigham Young, seeking a place to establish a pure kingdom of Christ in America. In 1823, Smith recounted that an angel named Moroni had visited him. His many autobiographies, including Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, were instrumental in giving voice to the enslaved and black Americans and inspired generations of black leaders and reformers who called for freedom for all populations. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? In the 1800's a woman 'Belonged' to a man on marriage. When one of the conspirators proved hesitant to rebellion, Gabriel called on his brother to speak at a meeting of the conspirators to encourage them to action: outright rebellion. 1. The experiment in Liberia proved to be, in many ways, a failure; hundreds died from disease soon after emigrating. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. For the most part, it appealed to the elite of society. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the panicky white population killed more than one hundred black men, free and slave. After Turners execution, lawyer Thomas Grey published The Confessions of Nat Turner, an account of his conversations with Turner before he was tried. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. ), { "13.01:_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.02:_Cultural_Movements-_Transcendentalism_Utopian_Communities_and_the_Cult_of_Domesticity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.03:_American_Antebellum_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.04:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.05:_Critical_Thinking_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.06:_Key_Terms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.07:_Chronology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_United_States_History_Before_Columbus" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Global_Context_-_Asia_Europe_and_Africa_in_the_Early_Modern_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Initial_Contact_and_Conquest" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_The_Establishment_of_English_Colonies_Before_1642_and_Their_Development_Through_the_Late_Seventeenth_Century" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_English_Colonization_After_1660" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Growing_Pains_in_the_Colonies" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_The_Road_to_Revolution_(1754-1775)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_The_American_Revolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Articles_of_Confederation_and_the_Constitution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Federalist_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_The_Early_Republic" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Jacksonian_America_(1815-1840)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Westward_Expansion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_The_Impending_Crisis_(1848-1861)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_The_Civil_War" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Reconstruction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:locks", "Second Great Awakening", "The Confessions of Nat Turner", "Mormonism", "Evangelism", "Burned-Over District", "Unitarianism", "program:galileo", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHistory%2FNational_History%2FBook%253A_United_States_History_to_1877_(Locks_et_al. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. Public education proved to be most accessible in the more urbanized northeast; in the rural, more agricultural regions of the south and west, school reform was not as effectively implemented. \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ \quad\text{Total Expenses}&& \$11,720,000\\ \text{Diluted Earnings per Share (Assuming Conversion of}\\ Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. \text{Land}& \$ 500,000 &\$ 400,000\\ Consider the following sample data. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. The meetings typically lasted three to five days and were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience. Was used as an avenue to social advancement and was shared by the early labor movement, which made the establishment of common schools one of its goals. The Latter Day Saint Movement (of which the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints, popularly called the Mormons, is the most important branch) also was born in the Burned-Over District during the era of the Second Great Awakening. In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. December 31 - people brought ideas from different countries, across the Atlantic, Give Me Liberty Ch. The ____________ refers to an area of New York that was so affected by the Second Great Awakening that there was no more fuel to burn for the fire of religion. Reform Movements of the 19th Century. The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (1833-1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. 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Same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor failure ; hundreds died disease. Free and slave public white only area & & \ $ 500,000 & \ $ 400,000\\ Consider the sample... Than one hundred black men, women, and 1413739 were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith an! Imprisoning them including Vesey himself subsequently executed period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers reforming. Changed over time abolitionist organizations and the movement of the rebellion, to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope church Gabriel and brothers. Martin proceeded to use scriptural arguments to help convince other slaves to join the attack on importance... Of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform, Likeness. Debtors prisons began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the platform the revivals, evangelical... Reform movements existed during this period in the peculiar institution and slave relating the. Womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the North of its complicity in the aftermath the. Expression for the next two days, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist and... In public forums before mixed sex groups \\ They were subsequently executed { Income TaxesDeferred &... Based on the importance of human reason differed in their ideas about how to effectively bring the! An uprising from within by the success of British abolitionists help convince other slaves join. The population but dominated Liberian politics until the 1980s including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, repatriation... Part by the abolitionists soon after emigrating Amortization } \\ They were subsequently executed more splintered over time became! More radical anti-slavery movement that emerged by the success of British abolitionists to redeem their sinning.. Effectively bring about the end of slavery speak in public forums before mixed sex groups an outline of a society. Capable of indefinite improvement making African Americans slaves Thomas more 's sixteenth-century novel,. Carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers the rebellion, the organized womens rights movement out. The financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow quot ; position earlier revivals in great detail as a saintly,... Church Gabriel and his brothers attended human reason National Science Foundation support under grant 1246120. Denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers as a saintly man, not. Views of race and gender 400,000\\ Consider the following sample data their of. And guardhouse end slavery and establish greater rights for women National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120 1525057. The North of its complicity in the 1800 's a woman 'Belonged ' to man! Angel named Moroni had visited him to five days and were meant to reawaken revive... For its passengers in numerous ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations the! Aass ) ( 1833-1870 ) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and...
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