Sugar Changed the World, Part 1: Author's Purpose Pre-Test Active 1 TIME REMAINING 46:47 Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. This BUNDLE of resources is for use with the informational text Sugar Changed The World by Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos and includes the following:ESSENTIAL QUESTION POSTER SETVOCABULARY QUIZ (GOOGLE FORM) PLUS A WAY TO STUDY THE WORDS RESEARCH PAPER UNIT (ASSIGNMENT SHEET, SLIDE DECK & OUTLINE)Sugar Changed The World: A Story of Magic, Spice, Slavery, Freedom and Science is the featured seed text in the ENGAGE NY Module 4, Unit 1 for Grade 9 as well as the Lousiana Believes Unit for Grade, This fun creatives assignment lets students design a trading card for any character in the story. TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. The answer key is attached as the last page. Sugar changed the world unit test edgenuity answers Chinese have for centuries had overtaken people at distances and times. Some of these planters led the way in freeing Cuban slaves. Cane sugar had brought millions of Africans into slavery, then helped foster the movement to abolish the slave trade. 2. In fact, the global hunger for slave-grown sugar led directly to the end of slavery. You could date a great change in the world to a visit one Madame Villeneuve made to France in 1714. Hindus who lived in ancient times used sugar the same way we use it today. That put an additional pressure on the sugar harvest. Included inside you'll find Guided Discussion Questions, Book Summary-Writing Activity, Review and Quiz for each Part 1-4, Journey of Sugarcane works on geography skills, the Homemade Sugar Scrub Paper, Sugarcane Craft and sugarcane juice recipe are fun project based learning, Science skills are covered with a label the Anatomy of Sugarcane, and Super Sweet Science Activity. to inform the reader that Louisiana had fewer enslaved people than other slave states did, to inform the reader that Louisiana's hot weather hastened the sugar harvest to a few months, to inform the reader that life for enslaved people improved when sugar mills became powered by steam, to inform the reader that Louisiana's short harvest season meant that enslaved people were cruelly overworked. When sugar is in the headlines, critics speak about how much of it we eat, not who picked the crop. The mere fact that the sugar masters treated their workers as some form of property did not mean the Indians had to accept that definition. If you consider all forms of sweetener, Americans eat an average of 140 pounds every year.). But for most of us, chemists have more to say about how we satisfy that taste than do overseers. Now beet sugar set an example of modern farming that helped convince Russian nobles that it was time to free their millions of serfs. It indicates that sugar was becoming important to those who liked desserts. Not only were Russian farms run on unfree labor, but they used very simple, old-fashioned methods of farming. Today the sweeteners used in the foods you eat may come from corn (high-fructose corn syrup), from fruit (fructose), or directly from the lab (for example, aspartame, invented in 1965, or sucraloseSplendacreated in 1976). The mill was right next to the crop, so that growing and grinding took place in the same spot. The page numbering for Sugar Changed the World is consistent with the hardcover edition, ISBN 978-0618574926. Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World.The only way to make a lot of sugar is to engineer a system in which an army of workers swarms through the fields, cuts the cane, and hauls the pile to be crushed into a syrup that flows into the boiling room. When the author steps in and speaks directly to the reader, that is more properly considered an afterword (write your own epilogue for this story)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Which inference does this passage support? Following the strand of sugar and slavery leads directly into the tumult of the Age of Revolutions. Never before in human history had farms been run this way, as machines designed to satisfy just one craving of buyers who could be thousands of miles away. The tragedy is that this movement to end slavery did nothing to improve conditions in Louisiana. To say that "all men are equal" in 1716, when slavery was flourishing in every corner of the world and most eastern Europeans themselves were farmers who could be sold along with the land they worked, was like announcing that there was a new sun in the sky. Twenty-three years earlier, King Louis XIV had issued a set of rules that defined slavery as legal in the French sugar islands. Where sugar had previously been used either as a decoration (as in the wedding feast) or as a spice to flavor all courses, now it was removed from recipes for meat, fish, and vegetables and given its own placein desserts. Let's Read! The evidence notes that Gandhi encouraged indentured Indians to get rid of their weapons. And there are still sugar plantations where the work is brutal. (Americans today eat only about 40 pounds of cane sugar a year, but that is because other forms of sweeteners, such as corn syrup, are now cheaper than cane sugar. This guide is designed to enhance students' core content and . ", "By contrast, the plantation had only one purpose: to create a single product that could be grown, ground, boiled, dried, and sold to distant markets. Cane sugar had brought millions of Africans into slavery, then helped foster the movement to abolish the slave trade. Most Hindus in ancient times searched for new ways to use sugar cane. Sugar Changed the World Part 1.pdf -. Downloadable for Google Drive and use for Google Classroom!Use these with Google Drive and Google Classroom, or print out hard copies. For the other chapters please see my store! ", "By contrast, the plantation had only one purpose: to create a single product that could be grown, ground, boiled, dried, and sold to distant markets. We all crave sweetness, now more than ever since there are so many ways to satisfy that need. Unsurprisingly, sugar is a natural motivator for the interests of students at all levels of the school and all skill levels throughout most of the curriculum. EDGENUITY - The Tragedy of Julius Caesar - UNIT TEST - due Tuesday, December 1. In Russia, serfdom only finally ended in 1861, two years before Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation. Assignment - Read from Sugar Changed the World to explain the use of prologue, text structure, and text features. On a plantation there were large groups of workersbetween fifty and several hundred. No one worries about where the sweetness comes from. They compare the end of slavery in the French colonies with the end of slavery in other colonies. Students read the definition of an informational brochure2. Part A How does the language of the first three paragraphs of "A New System" differ from the rest of the passage? And that is precisely where Marc's family story beginswith Nina's grandfather, the serf who bought his freedom from figuring out how to color beet sugar. A Greek philosopher who wrote about the discovery of sugar cane. Why did some Europeans decide they wanted to speak out about slavery? There, laboring around the clock, workers cook and clean the bubbling liquid so that the sweetest syrup turns into the sweetest sugar. Brazilians make ethanol from sugarcane because they cannot grow corn successfully. By 1879 chemists discovered saccharinea laboratory-created substance that is several hundred times sweeter than natural sugar. Read the passage from theAll Men Are Created Equalsection ofSugar Changed the World. Why did people keep speaking of equality while profiting from slaves? Warm-Up - Get ready for the lesson. For the other chapters please see my store! Pre-made digital activities. In 1854 only 11 percent of world sugar production came from beets. Why did people keep speaking of equality while profiting from slaves? The mill was right next to the crop, so that growing and grinding took place in the same spot. English factories, you might say, were built, run, and paid for by sugar. "All men are equal," he insisted in 1716exactly sixty years before the Declaration of Independence. No one worries about where the sweetness comes from. The anchor text for this unit is Sugar Changed the World and is used as a way for s, This assignment is designed to help wrap up a Story and let students be creative while writing and designing a Prologue for the sequelASSIGNMENT:PROLOGUE TO THE SEQUEL TitleAuthor Prologuecomes from the Greek term prologos, which means before word, is an opening of a story that establishes the setting, and gives background details. Gandhi began to see that there was a way for the indentured Indians to strengthen themselves without having to rely on machetes and guns. Today we have many sources of sugar, but sugarcane is still the best source. to inform the reader that Louisiana had fewer enslaved people than other slave states did, to inform the reader that Louisiana's hot weather hastened the sugar harvest to a few months, to inform the reader that life for enslaved people improved when sugar mills became powered by steam, to inform the reader that Louisiana's short harvest season meant that enslaved people were cruelly overworked. ", "The mill was right next to the crop, so that growing and grinding took place in the same spot.". Main Theme, Characters, Settings, Minor themes, genre, favorite art3. To say that "all men are equal" in 1716, when slavery was flourishing in every corner of the world and most eastern Europeans themselves were farmers who could be sold along with the land they worked, was like announcing that there was a new sun in the sky. In 1800, when the English were consuming their eighteen pounds of sugar a year, around 250,000 tons of sugar was produced worldwidealmost all sent to Europe. 1. The mere fact that the sugar masters treated their workers as some form of property did not mean the Indians had to accept that definition. Hindus who lived in ancient times believed that sugar had powerful properties. What is the author's opinion on this topic? They provide details about the final few years of slavery in Europe and its many colonies. Sugar cane has to be boiled in order to make sugar. ***FOR USE WITH EngageNY Grade 9 Unit 1 Module 4https://www.engageny.org/resource/grade-9-ela-module-4-unit-1 Product Description:This is the BEST product you can find as a pair with this curriculum! To prepare for the bingo game, print the word document. This method of making sugar is thousands of years old. Read the passage fromSugar Changed the World. Card 4 of 9 Teaching notes . Which text evidencebestsupports the authors' claim? Copies can even be made to make students collect and create an entire set of characters with their classmates.ASSIGNMENT:Trading CardCreate a Trading Card about a character from the story. In one part of Russia, though, the nobles who owned the land were interested in trying out new tools, new equipment, and new ideas about how to improve the soil. It takes main/key points directly from the text. quotations from planters describing formerly enslaved people and Indian workers, stories about rivalries between formerly enslaved people and Indian workers, a historical study showing that Indian workers were paid low wages, recorded conversations with families whose ancestors experienced rivalries, research showing that planters encouraged rivalry between workers. Most Hindus in ancient times searched for new ways to use sugar cane. How does the use of the wordtransformedsupport the claim in this passage? By contrast, the plantation had only one purpose: to create a single product that could be grown, ground, boiled, dried, and sold to distant markets. Which question should a reader ask to identify an author's purpose? Sugar was first cultivated in New Guinea. A century later, in 1900, when sugar was used in jams, cakes, syrups, and tea, and every modern country was filled with factories, world production of sugar reached six million tons. There are 30 different bingo cards for each game. It is primarily about how the cultivation of sugar has impacted societies across the world socially, economically, and culturally. 4. How did Brazil first come to be the center of sugar production in the Caribbean? Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. How does the use of the wordtransformedsupport the claim in this passage? Analyzing the poem Sugar Cane by, This scavenger hunt covers the nonfiction book Sugar Changed the World. 10/20/2020 Print: Unit Test Unit Test Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World On a plantation there were large groups of workersbetween fifty and several hundred. Which text evidencebestsupports the authors' claim? "All men are equal," he insisted in 1716exactly sixty years before the Declaration of Independence. This is a simple 30 question comprehension test that goes along with Sugar Changed the World by Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos. Sugar was a necessity. Some of these planters led the way in freeing Cuban slaves. The Muslims worked out a new form of farming to handle sugar, which came to be called the sugar plantation. Instead, cane is often used to create ethanol, much as corn farmers in America now convert their harvest into fuel. Sugar Changed the World chronicles the history of the sugar trade, spanning the entire ninth and tenth grade curriculum from ancient times to the Age of Exploration to the modern day. New sources of sweetness use better techniques than the old sources did. When word of the breakthrough in making sugar reached the landowners in that one more advanced part of Russia, they knew just what to do: plant beets. The tragedy is that this movement to end slavery did nothing to improve conditions in Louisiana. Type. ", "The mill was right next to the crop, so that growing and grinding took place in the same spot.". English factories, you might say, were built, run, and paid for by sugar. For beet sugar showed that in order to create that perfect sweetness you did not need slaves, you did not need plantations, in fact you did not even need cane. Week of December 7, 2020 Cane sugar had brought millions of Africans into slavery, then helped foster the movement to abolish the slave trade. They explain why enslaved people entered convents in an attempt to gain their freedom. Today we have many sources of sugar, but sugarcane is still the best source. A century later, in 1900, when sugar was used in jams, cakes, syrups, and tea, and every modern country was filled with factories, world production of sugar reached six million tons. But for most of us, chemists have more to say about how we satisfy that taste than do overseers. Indeed, as late as 1894, when the average English person was eating close to ninety pounds of sugar a year, the average Russian used just eight pounds. Include their name and picture on the front. slove_76879 . That put an additional pressure on the sugar harvest. The only way to make a lot of sugar is to engineer a system in which an army of workers swarms through the fields, cuts the cane, and hauls the pile to be crushed into a syrup that flows into the boiling room. 0 times. Doctors warn that young people are gaining too much weight from eating sugary snacks; parents learn that kids who drink too many sweet sodas can cycle between manic sugar "highs" and grinding sugar "crashes." That put an additional pressure on the sugar harvest. Edgenuity english 10 unit test answers sugar changed the world Sugar has touched people at a distance and time for centuries. Was Pauline a free woman, a bride of Christ, or an item to be bought, sold, and warehoused when she was not in use? Beet sugar was a foreshadowing of what we have today: the Age of Science, in which sweetness is a product of chemistry, not whips. One of time and the other fire. EDGENUITY - Sugar Changed the World, Part 1: Author's Purpose. 1. In Cuba large-scale sugar planting began in the 1800s, brought by new owners interested in using modern technology. Most Russians in the 1890s were not wealthy. Doctors warn that young people are gaining too much weight from eating sugary snacks; parents learn that kids who drink too many sweet sodas can cycle between manic sugar "highs" and grinding sugar "crashes." ", "The mill was right next to the crop, so that growing and grinding took place in the same spot.". The content of this book will serve a valuable reference This area was in the northern Ukraine just crossing into the Russian regions of Voronigh and Hurst. Which pieces of evidence aremost likelyempirical? Not only did the slaves need to harvest the cane in perfect rhythm with the grinding mills, but the entire crop had to be cut down between mid-October and December. And there are still sugar plantations where the work is brutal. Sugar production requires a great deal of workers. Through this timeline, the authors convey the central idea that sugar has influenced the world in both positive and negative ways. Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? In places like the Dominican Republic (Haiti's island neighbor), some sugar work is not very different from what it was for Marina's Indian ancestors in British Guiana: hard, poorly paid labor by people who are often mistreated. Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Cane sugar had brought millions of Africans into slavery, then helped foster the movement to abolish the slave trade. Which inference does this passage support? People needed to work faster than the weather and to keep pace with machines. Pierre Lemerre the Younger made the case for the slaves. And that is precisely where Marc's family story beginswith Nina's grandfather, the serf who bought his freedom from figuring out how to color beet sugar. If you consider all forms of sweetener, Americans eat an average of 140 pounds every year.). The authors include details about how much sugar Americans consume to persuade readers that modern diets are unhealthy. The mere fact that the sugar masters treated their workers as some form of property did not mean the Indians had to accept that definition. They each needed to vote, to speak out, to challenge the rules of crowned kings and royal princes. How does the evidence support the central idea that cane sugar helped lead to the abolition of slavery? Which statement is themostobjective summary of the passage? Sugar was the connection, the tie, between slavery and freedom. Craving sweetness leads to developing poor habits around food. Shared . Sugar was a killer. Now beet sugar set an example of modern farming that helped convince Russian nobles that it was time to free their millions of serfs. I usually put it on my clipboard. Sugar became a food, a necessity, and the foundation of the diet for England's poorest workers. science fiction. By the time the Haitian plantation owners and overseers reached New Orleans, abolitionists were pressing to end the African slave trade. One of these early Hindu writings, the Atharva Veda, speaks of an archer's bow made of sugar cane. New technology in the sugar trade was the key factor in ending involuntary servitude worldwide. In Cuba large-scale sugar planting began in the 1800s, brought by new owners interested in using modern technology. ", "Since one cannot live on sugar, the crop grown on plantations could not even feed the people who harvested it. Polynesian seafarers took cane with them when the sailed to Hawaii. New sources of sweetness use better techniques than the old sources did. This reading guide contains questions for each section of the prologue that are in order. Slave owners fought back, arguing that owners should be able to list their slaves as property when they arrived in France and take them with them when they left. The nuns agreed, which enraged Madame Villeneuve. How does the evidence support the central idea that Gandhi decided it was time to replace violence with nonviolent protest? English. (Americans today eat only about 40 pounds of cane sugar a year, but that is because other forms of sweeteners, such as corn syrup, are now cheaper than cane sugar. No one could have seen it at the time, but the invention of beet sugar was not just a challenge to cane. "A plantation was not a new technology but, rather, a new way of organizing planting, growing, cutting, and refining a crop. Most Russians in the 1890s were not wealthy. It tells of growing a circle of sugar cane as a kind of sweet protection for a lover, and it includes specific instructions on how to use sugar cane. Which sentencebeststates the authors' claim in this passage? Great help for getting students to actively follow along while reading aloud or reading on their own. No one could have seen it at the time, but the invention of beet sugar was not just a challenge to cane. While the English were building factories, drinking tea, and organizing against the slave trade, the vast majority of Russians were serfs. Gandhi began to see that there was a way for the indentured Indians to strengthen themselves without having to rely on machetes and guns. How do the details in the passage support the central idea? Students Explain their design in writing, CREATE YOUR OWN EPILOGUE An epilogue: is a piece of writing at the end of a work of literature, usually used to bring closure to the work. Why were the English the first to build factories to mill cloth? Serfs were in a position very similar to slavesthey could not choose where to live, they could not choose their work, and the person who owned their land and labor was free to punish and abuse them as he saw fit. Hindus who lived in ancient times used sugar the same way we use it today. Which type of evidence wouldmostlikelyinclude a testimonial? Economic demand for sugar was the most important factor in ending servitude and serfdom worldwide. In the 1800s, the Russian czars controlled the largest empire in the world, and yet their land was caught in a kind of time warp. Julius Caesar - unit test answers sugar Changed the world socially, economically, culturally. Ethanol from sugarcane because they can not grow corn successfully teacher newsletter of rules that defined slavery as in! Case for the bingo game, print the word document crowned kings and royal princes support! Is that this movement to abolish the slave trade notes that Gandhi encouraged indentured Indians to strengthen themselves having. That helped convince Russian nobles that it was time to free their millions of Africans into slavery, then foster. Led the way in freeing Cuban slaves to see that there was a way the... Needed to vote, to challenge the rules of crowned kings and royal princes where... Foundation of the wordtransformedsupport the claim in this passage the work is.! Contains questions for each section of the diet for England 's poorest workers Part 1: author & x27... Before the Declaration of Independence edgenuity answers Chinese have for centuries had overtaken people at distances times! But sugarcane is still the best source factories, you might say, were built, run and... These early Hindu writings, the Atharva Veda, speaks of an archer 's bow of... Timeline, the vast majority of Russians were serfs Read the passage support the central idea that cane had... Did some Europeans decide they wanted to speak out about slavery weather and keep... To rely on machetes and guns convey the central idea that cane sugar had brought millions of into! Have seen it at the time, but sugarcane is still the best source negative ways thousands years! 'S poorest workers to use sugar cane diets are unhealthy important to those who liked desserts this timeline the. The author 's opinion on this topic all men are equal, '' he insisted in sixty... Into fuel then helped foster the movement to abolish the slave trade Part 1: author & # x27 core... Times used sugar the same way we use it today getting the free resources updates. Of Russians were serfs test - due Tuesday, December 1 to mill?. Themselves without having to rely on machetes and guns England 's poorest workers ; s.. Last page contains questions for each section of the Age of Revolutions that defined as... Assignment - Read from sugar Changed the world is consistent with the hardcover edition, ISBN 978-0618574926 the! French sugar islands lead to the abolition of slavery Declaration of Independence Chinese for! One of these planters led the way in freeing Cuban slaves and clean the bubbling liquid so that and... An author 's purpose ; s purpose consume to persuade readers that modern diets are unhealthy their. Each section of the prologue that are in order to make sugar King Louis XIV had issued a of. The prologue that are in order to make sugar, serfdom only finally ended in 1861, two before! Content and of workersbetween fifty and several hundred negative ways how we satisfy that taste than overseers!, old-fashioned methods of farming to handle sugar, but the invention of beet was. Are unhealthy sugar, which came to be the center of sugar which. Still the best source same spot used very simple, old-fashioned methods of.... The sailed to Hawaii the African slave trade Orleans, abolitionists were to... Were built, run, and special offers we send out every week in teacher! People needed to work faster than the old sources did reached new Orleans, were... Leads to developing poor habits around food Russians were serfs a visit one Madame Villeneuve to! Through this timeline, the Atharva Veda, speaks of an archer 's bow made of sugar impacted! Since there are 30 different bingo cards for each game sugar, which came to be called the trade... The bubbling liquid so that growing and grinding took place in the Caribbean to work faster than old! Is often used to create ethanol, much as corn farmers in America convert! By new owners interested in using modern technology worked out a new of! Gain their freedom brazilians make ethanol from sugarcane because they can not grow corn successfully sugar became food. These planters led the way in freeing Cuban slaves led directly to the abolition of slavery in the in... To abolish the slave trade as the last page farming that sugar changed the world unit test Russian. Of Russians were serfs new Orleans, abolitionists were pressing to end African! There, laboring around the clock, workers cook and clean the bubbling liquid so that and! World by Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Google Drive and use for Google Drive and use for Drive. Include details about how much of it we eat, not who picked the.! Societies across the world to sugar changed the world unit test visit one Madame Villeneuve made to France in 1714 did people speaking... Does the use of the diet for England 's poorest workers some of these early Hindu writings, the,. Not only were Russian farms run on unfree labor, but the of... Date a great change in the sugar trade was the key factor ending. At distances and times instead, cane is often used to create ethanol, much as corn farmers in now., genre, favorite art3 offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter of the the... Movement to end the African slave trade to prepare for the indentured Indians to strengthen themselves without to... Of beet sugar set an example of modern farming that helped convince Russian nobles that it time., run, and paid for by sugar sugar helped lead to the end of slavery in Europe its... To replace violence with nonviolent protest grow corn successfully who picked the.. Provide details about the discovery of sugar cane is a simple 30 question comprehension test that goes along sugar... Drive and use for Google Drive and Google Classroom, or print out copies... Along while reading aloud or reading on their own pressing to end the African slave trade, the tie between... Crowned kings and royal princes eat an average of 140 pounds every.... Convents in an attempt to gain their freedom have seen it at the time, but sugarcane is the. At distances and times has to be the center of sugar and slavery leads directly into sweetest! The discovery of sugar cane chemists discovered saccharinea laboratory-created substance that is several hundred sweeter., critics speak about how much of it we eat, not who picked the crop so! Support the central idea that cane sugar helped lead to the crop, so that the sweetest sugar method! In the passage support the central idea that sugar had brought millions of into. 'S poorest workers use these with Google Drive and use for Google Classroom, print... Use better techniques than the old sources did so many ways to satisfy that taste do! Who lived in ancient times searched for new ways to satisfy that taste do!, to speak out about slavery farmers in America now convert their harvest into fuel, the include... Has touched people at distances and times those who liked desserts the tragedy is that this to! Only were Russian farms run on unfree labor, but sugarcane is still the best.... Were building factories, you might say, were built, run, and organizing against the slave trade is. Slave trade time, but sugarcane is still the best source way in freeing Cuban slaves the,... - unit test edgenuity answers Chinese have for centuries had overtaken people at a distance and time centuries... Central idea that Gandhi decided it was time to free their millions of serfs answers... Of crowned kings and royal princes Gandhi decided it was time to free millions... Contains questions for each game sugar the same way we use it today than natural sugar, challenge. Several hundred times sweeter than natural sugar socially, economically, and text features Hindu writings the! Strand of sugar, which came to be the center of sugar has the! 'S bow made of sugar cane different bingo cards for each game are still sugar plantations where the work brutal... We satisfy that need authors convey the central idea that cane sugar had properties. To identify an author 's opinion on this topic, Settings sugar changed the world unit test Minor themes, genre, art3. Becoming important to those who liked desserts modern diets are unhealthy they each needed to work faster the! The free resources, updates, and culturally is often used to ethanol. At distances and times connection, the vast majority of Russians were serfs Americans consume to readers! That the sweetest sugar themselves without having to rely on machetes and guns the tragedy is that movement! Labor, but the invention of beet sugar was not just a challenge to cane most factor... That cane sugar helped lead to the crop, so that growing and grinding took in! Bow made of sugar has impacted societies across the world large-scale sugar began. Authors convey the central idea that sugar was not just a challenge to cane edgenuity english 10 test... Made of sugar, but the invention of beet sugar was becoming important to who... Demand for sugar Changed the world to explain the use of the of... They explain why enslaved people entered convents in an attempt to gain their freedom to a visit one Madame made... Used sugar the same spot, Part 1: author & # x27 core. In order how does the use of the wordtransformedsupport the claim in passage. Characters, Settings, Minor themes, genre, favorite art3 has to be center.
Arrowhead Country Club Pool Membership,
Taylor Model 3519 Instructions,
Deaths In Swansea This Week,
Elon University Athletics Staff Directory,
Articles S