[42] This was the reason the final flights were cut, along with plans for even more ambitious follow-on programs such as a permanent space station and crewed flight to Mars. In December 1972 NASA canceled all of its nuclear propulsion and power programs, resulting in the closure of Plum Brook Station [today, the Neil Armstrong Test Facility]. The photos contain artifacts like the two seemingly matching 'C's on a rock and on the ground. [c] Hundreds of thousands of people including astronauts, scientists, engineers, technicians, and skilled laborers would have had to keep the secret. Plum Brook Station is located about eight miles from Sandusky, Ohio. No evidence was offered for this theory, which overlooks many facts. In 2002, Alex R. Blackwell of the University of Hawaii pointed out that some photos taken by Apollo astronauts[158] while in orbit around the Moon show the landing sites. [132] The Soviet LK lunar lander was tested in uncrewed low-Earth-orbit flights three times in 1970 and 1971. In April 2001, Leonard David published an article on space.com,[157][158] which showed a photo taken by the Clementine mission showing a diffuse dark spot at the site NASA says is the Apollo 15 lander. They called on NASA to restore the test facilities at Plum Brook and resume operation. This would have been an intolerable embarrassment to Mr. Kubrick, especially since the release of Dr. Strangelove. Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. After Apollo 18 was canceled, the other LRV was used for spare parts for the Apollos 15 to 17 missions. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). Here, highly specialized facilities allow NASA and the international space community to carry out complex and innovative ground tests. These were announced in January and September 1970,[31] two full years before the "late 1972" claimed by Sibrel. If the SLS program does not test the upper stage at Plum Brook, it could use the A-3 test stand at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, which was completed in late 2014, despite the cancellation four years earlier of the Constellation program for which it was designed. An episode of MythBusters in August 2008 was dedicated to the Moon landings. NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. Also, six of the twelve Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing between 1968 and 1972 are still alive. Some facilities have already been penciled in for demolition, including the Cryogenic Components Laboratory. Rep. Kaptur introduced the legislation on a bipartisan basis alongside Rep. Anthony Gonzalez (R-OH). On this page: Acoustics Facilities Combustion Facilities Components Facilities NASA Glenn Research Center's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, houses the world's largest, most powerful space environment simulation facilities, most powerful spacecraft acoustic test chamber, and highest capacity and most powerful spacecraft shaker system. Using the scientific process, any hypothesis that is contradicted by the observable facts may be rejected. In June 1977, NASA issued a fact sheet responding to recent claims that the Apollo Moon landings had been hoaxed. The leading candidate at this point, the IG wrote, is NASAs Space Launch System. Later Apollo missions did not use SSTV. [44] They show that NASA's portrayal of the Moon landing is fundamentally accurate, allowing for such common mistakes as mislabeled photos and imperfect personal recollections. [151] Oberg said that he meant to finish the book. A Fraud! The NASA Space Environmental Test (SET) Project is tasked to develop new environmental test facilities to support NASA's developing space exploration program. Offer subject to change without notice. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) is leading the design and build of the new world-class vibroacoustic test capabilities at the NASA GRC's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, USA. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. [140][141] All of the deaths occurred at least 20 months before Apollo 11 and subsequent flights. Baron was a quality control inspector who wrote a report critical of the Apollo program and was an outspoken critic of NASA's safety record after the Apollo 1 fire. "The Service Module is . The Moon rocks also share the same traits as Soviet samples.[169]. In a televised program about the Moon-landing hoax allegations, Fox Entertainment Group listed the deaths of ten astronauts and two civilians related to the crewed spaceflight program as part of an alleged cover-up. Learn about the history and craftsmanship of carousels inside this museum located in a former post office. You should see the reCAPTCHA field below. 5. The exception is that of Apollo 11, which has lain on the lunar surface since being blown over by the Lunar Module Ascent Propulsion System. The Apollo Guidance Computer was on the Lunar Module and the command and service module. Those who believe the Moon landings were faked offer several theories about the motives of NASA and the United States government. [180] Lick Observatory attempted to detect from Apollo 11's retroreflector while Armstrong and Aldrin were still on the Moon but did not succeed until August 1, 1969. Some staff members found new positions at Lewis, but hundreds of others were soon out of work. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. But if the SLS program wants to use B-2 to test that upper stage, it would be expected to cover the estimated $15 million in basic refurbishment costs as well as SLS Program-specific test costs, which could likely be significant, the IG wrote. And at the Mechanical Vibration Facility, spacecraft launch conditions can be tested in what is the worlds most powerful spacecraft shaker system. It has served a number of functions over the years, and some facilities have been decommissioned, including the Plum Brook Nuclear Reactor, which NASA once used for space-related nuclear energy research and development. [172][173] However, the first Antarctic lunar meteorite was found in 1979, and its lunar origin was not recognized until 1982. Copies of those tapes have been found.[120]. For example, 2001 was released before the first Apollo landing and Kubrick's depiction of the Moon's surface differs greatly from its appearance in the Apollo footage. A total of 6003 participants aged 18-35 years old residing in four major Canadian cities completed an online survey . In even worse shape is Plum Brooks Combined Effects Chamber, which was designed for large-scale experiments with liquid hydrogen, but never used. Some conspiracists have suggested that Starfish Prime (a high-altitude nuclear test in 1962) formed another intense layer on the Van Allen belt.[82]. The center completed the effort with the demolition of the H Control Building, K Sites control building, and the J5 hortonsphere in late 2012. (See List of human spaceflights, 19611970, and refer to individual flights for the length of time.). Mass media have a terrible impact on people who lack guidance. 8. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. In northern Ohio, the glorious past of America's trains is on full display. The tapes contain the original and highest quality video feed from the Apollo 11 landing. At a press conference Thursday, Marvel Studio officials said Plum Brook played a vital role in bringing the movie to Ohio. [117] The Apollo 11 telemetry tapes were different from the telemetry tapes of the other Moon landings because they contained the raw television broadcast. [20], Hoax theory debunker Phil Plait says in his 2002 book Bad Astronomy,[b] that the Soviets with their own competing Moon program, an extensive intelligence network and a formidable scientific community able to analyze NASA data would have 'cried foul' if the United States tried to fake a Moon landing,[21] especially since their own program had failed. The Gas Handling Area was removed in March 2010, followed by the High Energy Rocket Engine Research Facility (B1) and Nuclear Rocket Dynamics and Control Facility (B3) facilities in fall 2010. Moon landing conspiracy theoriesclaim that some or all elements of the Apollo programand the associated Moon landingswere hoaxesstaged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. ), Conspiracy theorists claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it continued to get funding. In 2013, SpaceX tested the 5.2-meter fairing for its Falcon 9 rocket there. The Space Power Facility has a recent history of attracting commercial customers, too. Conspiracists have focused on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. Blueprints and design and development drawings of the machines involved are missing. [117] suggests that he could have been pressured to agree to the conspiracy to protect himself from recriminations over his past. Plum Brook is currently . Plum Brook Station is testing a new generation of space exploration technologies that are essential for NASA's plans to explore the lunar surface and again land humans on the Moon. Since 2012, Plum Brook Station has received about $31 million in annual funding from NASA, most of which comes from the agencys Construction and Environmental Compliance account the budget line reserved for building, maintaining and demolishing infrastructure. The Moon's surface during the daytime is so hot that camera film would have melted. This suggests that artificial lights were used. [123] Senior engineer Dick Nafzger, who was in charge of the live TV recordings during the Apollo missions, was put in charge of the restoration project. The war was one of several federal budget items with which NASA had to compete; NASA's budget peaked in 1966, and fell by 42% by 1972. The Plum Brook Reactor was a NASA 60 megawatt water-cooled and moderated research nuclear reactor,[1][2] located in Sandusky, Ohio, 50mi west of the NASA Glenn Research Center (at that time the NASA Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, of which it was organizationally a part. [160] The telescope was used to image the Moon and provided a resolution of 130 meters (430ft), which was not good enough to resolve the 4.2 meters (14ft) wide lunar landers or their long shadows.[161]. Some selections of restored footage in high-definition have been made available on the NASA website. The Plum Brook Reactor was a NASA 60 megawatt water-cooled and moderated research nuclear reactor, [1] [2] located in Sandusky, Ohio, 50 mi west of the NASA Glenn Research Center (at that time the NASA Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, of which it was organizationally a part. There should have been more than a two-second delay in communications between Earth and the Moon, at a distance of 400,000km (250,000 miles). On the demolition front, although Plum Brook has torn down 18 buildings and structures since 2012 reducing the annual maintenance costs in the process there is still a backlog of repairs Glenn has put off at the Sandusky campus because it does not have the roughly $55 million it would cost to undertake them, according to the IG. [194] Another poll gives that 25% of 18- to 25-year-olds surveyed were unsure that the landings happened. Deep scars on the earth left by the Ice Age. Even as late as 2001, the Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? As of January 2015, NASA, the Department of Defense, and commercial launch providers are using or have plans to use the [Space Power Facility] through at least 2020 to test space-related hardware, including for NASAs Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the IG wrote. Baron and his family were killed as their car was struck by a train at a train crossing. The Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility (formerly known as Plum Brook Station) is part of NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. 2023 Atlas Obscura. [28] The Soviet Union tracked the Apollo missions at the Space Transmissions Corps, which was "fully equipped with the latest intelligence-gathering and surveillance equipment. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched their SELENE Moon orbiter on September 14, 2007 (JST), from Tanegashima Space Center. 5. [151][152] In November 2002, Peter Jennings said "NASA is going to spend a few thousand dollars trying to prove to some people that the United States did indeed land men on the Moon," and "NASA had been so rattled, [they] hired [somebody] to write a book refuting the conspiracy theorists." + More NASA Facts. [105], 4. [113] Parkes had a bigger antenna than NASA's antenna in Australia at the Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station, so it received a better picture. In the 1970s the center expanded the scope of its work into new areas, such as renewable energy sources. [146][147] This thesis was the subject of refutation in an article published on Seeker nearly half a year later.[148]. Several scenes in 2001 show dust billowing as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. [137] Conspiracy theorists claim that the computers during the time of the Moon landings would not have been advanced enough to allow for human space travel to the Moon and back;[138] they similarly claim that other contemporary technology (radio transmission, radar, and other instrumentation) was likewise insufficient for the task.[139]. Sibrel said that it may have been caused by indoor fans used to cool the astronauts since their spacesuit cooling systems would have been too heavy on Earth. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}412309N 824059W / 41.38585N 82.68293W / 41.38585; -82.68293. Spacecraft Snoops Apollo Moon Sites", "World's biggest telescope to prove Americans really walked on Moon", "How to find Apollo 11's landing site on the Moon", "The "halo" area around Apollo 15 landing site observed by Terrain Camera on SELENE (KAGUYA)", "Chandrayaan sends images of Apollo 15 landing", "Chandrayaan's moon findings: Water, rocks and traces of Apollo", "China publishes high-resolution full moon map", "Martian Meteorite Launch: High-Speed Ejecta from Small Craters", "Lunar South Pole-Aitken Sample Return (2002)", "Sample Return Mission to the South Pole Aitken Basin", New Views of the Moon II: Understanding the Moon Through the Integration of Diverse Datasets, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "NASA's LRO Team Helps Track Laser Signals to Russian Rover Mirror", "Landing a Man on the Moon: The Public's View", Institution of Engineering and Technology, "Man on the Moon: A Case of Mass Brainwashing", "Attitudes Toward Space Exploration Ipsos Poll on Behalf of C-SPAN Belief in Authenticity of the 1969 Moon Landing", Bruce M. Nash (Executive Producer, Writer), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories&oldid=1141029494, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 00:31. Lewis reactivated the B2 vacuum chamber in 1987, SPF and K Site in 1988, and the HTF in 1993. The radio telescope at Parkes Observatory in Australia was able to receive the telemetry from the Moon at the time of the Apollo 11 moonwalk. Dgh sees a parallel with other attitudes during the post-Watergate era, when the American public were inclined to distrust official accounts. It was shut down 12 years later . Glenn began making plans to remove a number of its old test sites, including the Rocket Systems Area at Plum Brook. The lens was originally a still photo lens and needed changes to be used for motion filming. Overall, however, Plum Brook remained quiet. Kubrick had no such brother the article was a spoof, complete with a giveaway sentence describing Kubrick shooting the moonwalk "on location" on the Moon. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. [125], Grumman appears to have destroyed most of its LM documentation,[116][126] but copies of the blueprints for the Saturn V exist on microfilm.[127]. Down in the O&C Building at KSC, the EM-1 Orion spacecraft hardware has almost completed standalone testing. [162] A three-dimensional reconstructed photo also matched the terrain of an Apollo 15 photo taken from the surface. Moreover, even if someone wanted to use the chamber, it is unusable in its current condition, according to the IG. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. [119] A crude, real-time scan conversion of the SSTV signal was done in Australia before it was broadcast worldwide. Indeed, current plans for a Martian sample return would only gather about 500g (18oz) of soil,[175] and a recently proposed South Pole-Aitken basin robot mission would only gather about 1kg (2.2lb) of Moon rock. WASHINGTON All but one of the five big test facilities at NASAs Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, have few or no customers, and the situation is unlikely to change any time soon, according to an April 23 report from NASAs inspector general (IG). Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. Photos of the Moon have been taken by Hubble, including at least two Apollo landing sites, but the Hubble resolution limits viewing of lunar objects to sizes no smaller than 5569m (6075yd), which is insufficient resolution to see any landing site features.[156]. One of the old tapes has been sent to NASA for analysis. Engineers carefully deactivated the facilities in such a way that they could be restored in the future. Moon-landing conspiracists focus heavily on NASA photos. In December 1972 NASA canceled all of its nuclear propulsion and power programs, resulting in the closure of Plum Brook Station [today, the Neil Armstrong Test Facility]. 4. Technically, this allowed the mothballed test stands to be reactivated within 3 months. Get top stories, military space news and more delivered to your inbox. ", "End of Conspiracy Theories? By the time of Apollo 11, the United States had a lead much wider than that. 1. Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility (B-2), Cryogenic Propellant Tank Facility (K-Site), World's Largest Vacuum Chamber to Test Orion, + Budgets, Strategic Plans and Accountability Reports, + Equal Employment Opportunity Data Posted Pursuant to the No Fear Act, + Information-Dissemination Priorities and Inventories. Engineers inspect the inlet of a prototype Hypersonic Research Engine scramjet prior to a test run in Hypersonic Tunnel Facility. [142] The fact sheet is particularly blunt and regards the idea of faking the Moon landings to be preposterous and outlandish. The Space Power Facility, meanwhile, is the largest vacuum chamber in the world. In addition, safety officials considered several sites to be hazards. [164] The Intrepid lander descent stage, experiment package (ALSEP), Surveyor 3 spacecraft, and astronaut footpaths are all visible. The steady reduction of NASAs budget in the late 1960s and early 1970s coincided with the agencys decision to develop the space shuttle. The B-2 test facility is located at Plum Brook Station, in Sandusky, Ohio. Our premier ground test facilities support powered flight through the atmosphere and beyond. Analyses by scientists worldwide all agree that these rocks came from the Moon no published accounts in peer-reviewed scientific journals exist that dispute this claim. [30], Also, there was nothing "abrupt" about the Apollo cancellations, which were made for cost-cutting reasons. In 2007 the Cryogenic Components Laboratory replaced K Site. Whether funds continue to pour into Plum Brook Station remains to be seen. The only real success story in terms of actual customers was, and still is, the Space Power Facility. [23] Indeed their article on space exploration describes the Apollo 11 landing as "the third historic event" of the space age, following the launch of Sputnik in 1957, and Yuri Gagarin's flight in 1961. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations. claimed NASA faked the first landing in 1969 to win the Space Race. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [166][167] The Indian Space Research Organisation launched their uncrewed lunar probe on September 8, 2008 (IST), from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Photography experts (including those unrelated to NASA) have replied that the oddities are consistent with what should be expected from a real Moon landing, and are not consistent with tweaked or studio imagery. The European Space Agency's SMART-1 uncrewed probe sent back photos of the landing sites, according to Bernard Foing, Chief Scientist of the ESA Science Program. It parodies conspiracy theories with faked interviews, stories of assassinations of Stanley Kubrick's assistants by the CIA, and a variety of conspicuous mistakes, puns, and references to old movie characters, inserted through the film as clues for the viewer. The cavernous vacuum chamber continues to attract a steady stream of customers, including SpaceX, which has tested both its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft at the facility. Cropped photo of Buzz Aldrin saluting the flag (the fingers of Aldrin's right hand can be seen behind his helmet), Cropped photo taken a few seconds later, Buzz Aldrin's hand is down, head turned toward the camera, the flag is unchanged, Animation of the two photos, showing that though Armstrong's camera moved between exposures, the flag is not waving. These include the Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility, which is like something from the wildest dreams of Spinal Tap. [153] In November 2004, they gave a lecture at the Glasgow Science Centre where the top ten claims by conspiracists were individually addressed and refuted.[154]. The 221-page operation manual for the LRV contains some detailed drawings,[129] although not the blueprints. The second stage of the launch rocket or the Lunar Module ascent stage or both made no visible flame. The fate of the other facilities will largely depend on the whims of politicians and humankinds continued desire to reach beyond our planet. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 11 astronauts also stated in post-mission press conferences that they did not remember seeing any stars during extravehicular activity (EVA). [186] This Fox special is seen as having promoted the hoax claims. On later missions, NASA released information to the public explaining where and when the spacecraft could be sighted. In 2004 NASA began funding the demolition of unused facilities across the agency. In November 2006, COSMOS Online reported that about 100 data tapes recorded in Australia during the Apollo 11 mission had been found in a small marine science laboratory in the main physics building at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia. [159] "Given SMART-1's initial high orbit, however, it may prove difficult to see artifacts," said Foing in an interview on space.com. Its walls are 2 feet thick to withstand the blast of powerful . "[29] Vasily Mishin, in an interview for the article "The Moon Programme That Faltered," describes how the Soviet Moon program dwindled after the Apollo landings. [41] In fact, the ending of the landings was not "sudden" (see Space Race above). There was very little activity at Plum Brook until the late 1980s when Lewis Research Center reactivated four test sites and resumed testing. Footprints in the Moondust are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. Moon-landing conspiracists claim that observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope should be able to photograph the landing sites. The flag placed on the surface by the astronauts fluttered despite there being no wind on the Moon. A multiagency commission, however, reviewed the assessment and came to a different conclusion. This would have allowed for only a small number of people to actually know the truth about faking the Moon landings.[49]. 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