Convergence has become shorthand for a series of arguments. The five major elements of media convergencethe technological, the industrial, the social, the textual, and the politicalare discussed below. PubMedGoogle Scholar. To Jenkins, media convergence can be explained as "the flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behavior of media audiences who would go almost anywhere in search of the kinds of entertainment experiences they wanted . Benefits of Media Convergence: The content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted at a specific group. Are you looking for a career path that offers stability, growth potential, and a chance to make a real difference in the world? This merging can not only involve devices, content, markets, and networks, but also media consumption. You can listen to music, surf the web with the browser, read digital books, and do a lot more. Author of. Media convergence is when different media technologies and platforms that used to be separate come together because of digitization and computer networking. Introduction. It shows how media are coming together in the digital age. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 3(1), 3445. Jounalistik, 15(1), 3233. Infotendencias Group. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Convergence is the process where several media channels come together to exist and operate in synergy. There are five main parts to media convergence: technological, industrial, social, textual, and political. Disadvantages of Media Convergence While the advantages of this form of convergence focus on content integration, faster access and international reach, disadvantages highlight the impact of . It used to only broadcast on radio and TV, but now it does so on many different platforms. The inherent interactivity of the Internet and the emotional engagement of story can lead to innovative pedagogies in media rich environments. how media convergence leads to interactivity how does the knowledge of baking tools and equipment help in the succesful production of pastries and other baked goods Your friends push you to take the course of BS computer engineering so that you will always bond with them and make group works together what will you d. Depends a lot on technology and the internet, so places without these two things may have trouble getting online information. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(3), 680704. Assessing Uses and Effects of Interactivity from a User and Management Perspective. Boston, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Media convergence transforms established industries, services, and work practices and enables entirely new forms of content to emerge. Since TV came out, there have been many times when. Thus, research on interactivity as a key element of convergent media environments has grown dramatically over the past three decades. Lawson-Borders, G. (2003). Three media channels are currently the focal point of the media convergence journey: the print media that has started laying a certain emphasis on Internet-based outlets, the slowly depleting difference between the television and the computer, and the slowly blurring line between the computers and the cell phones. What is the value, i.e., the real benefit, for the user? So will an audience so used to traditional forms of media embrace a new way of receiving information. Generally speaking, social media convergence is benefit trend to influence peoples daily life. * Media convergence allows mass media professionals to tell stories andpresent information and entertainment using a variety of media . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. It also intends to turn current material into a digital form of technology, such as watching a book online (E-books, Kindle). Chan-Olmsted, S., & Park, J. S. (2000). As a strategist, author, and advisor, he has helped numerous organizations to achieve digital excellence and stay ahead of the curve. (2002). Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1(1), 415. Green Paper on the convergence of the telecommunication, media and information sectors, and the implications on regulation. International Journal of Internet Science, 6(1), 828. Media convergence. Chung, D. S. (2008). But don't worry, there are several things you can do to prevent your phone from overheating and keep it running smoothly. Convergence is the process where several media channels come together to exist and operate in synergy. The following tools and capabilities are essential within a high-quality broker dealer platform: Interactive workspace: The primary purpose of the workspace should be to drive growth and support every integrated component of your business. Look no further than the energy sector! Dailey, L., Demo, L., & Spillman, M. (2005). Convergences fundamental question. Guarding open gates at online newspapers (pp. Here are some of the worst things about media convergence: All of the media you see around you today are the results of Media Convergence. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215229. If you were a manager, how could you find a suitable strategy for your website? From the consumer view, the Internet has recently changed our favorite delivery systems Newspapers now provide video, TV offers interactive chat, and radio has web-cams. Journal of Computer Mediated Communications 5(1). Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(2), 321339. In addition, greater audience engagement can help to enhance the way people experience the media. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Digital media convergence, on the other hand, happens much faster and has more effects than ever before. So will an audience so used to traditional forms of media embrace a new way of receiving information. For example, the CBC radio show "Q" is also shown on CBC TV. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Media convergence is the merging of mass communication outlets - print, television, radio, the Internet along with portable and interactive technologies through various digital media platforms. American media scholar Howard Rheingold has identified three core characteristics of social media. In addition, greater audience engagement can help to enhance the way people experience themedia. Developing media managers for convergence: a study of management theory and practice for managers of converged newsrooms. (2011) defined social media as (translation) "media software that enables users to maintain a presence and communicate and interact online. . Why is media convergence Cannot be done away? You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, How media convergence leads to interactivity, bakit kailangan planstahin ang damit magbigay ng apat na sagot maraming salamat po , how do the different online platforms &sites help you as a student in your chosen track?, a screen use to display pictures/computers information, pagnilayan ang iyong mga kagawian bilang isang gumagamit ng isang trending na produkto kung anong mga tungkulin ang iyong ginagampanan sa pagpapanatil In media convergence and film, there has been the transformation of established services, work processes, and industries, over and above the facilitation of completely new varieties of content. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. (2011). Simply said, media convergence is the blending of several mass media platforms, including traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media, and the internet.This leads in the combination of 3Cs, i.e. If you've ever experienced your phone becoming too hot to handle, causing it to slow down or even shut off, then you know how frustrating this can be. Approaching the topic from a managerial, technological as well as end-consumer perspective, it acts as a reference book and educational resource in the field. Supplement or Substitution? London: Sage. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Such as the Smartphone, which combines technologies for broadcasting, printing, and networking or Internet into a single device. Kiousis, S. (2002). ), Handbook of new media (pp. Sociological perspectives on news production have provided frameworks to help us comprehend the complexities of cultural production and the constraints encountered by journalists and their impact on the final product of news, but in contemporary studies of journalism the voices of journalists are surprisingly seldom heard. Schanke Sundet, V., & Ytreberg, E. (2009). New Media & Society, 4(2), 271291. Papers are slowly disappearing from offices, and certain slow working tools such as pens and typewriters are also disappearing. Heeter, C. (2000). In 2012 it was estimated that over 72 hours of video a minute were being uploaded onto YouTube, and over four billion videos a day were being viewed from that site alone. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Consider This. Easily attacked by hackers and prone to breaking down. 7188). Journalism Practice, 5(2), 127144. Domingo, D., Quandt, T., Heinonen, A., Paulussen, S., Singer, J., & Vujnovic, M. (2008). Chung, D. S. (2007). Deuze, M. (2003). 135150). Media Convergence: In order for the media to converge, two main things need to occur. In contrast to the findings of Chung (2008), in this study interactive features were used in moderation. Journalism Studies, 12(3), 311327. 123 experts online. leaders see digital media convergence as an evolution, they can make smart decisions. Correspondence to McMillan, S. J. COM, 97, 623. In reaction to convergence, new governance patterns have been emerging. Media convergence refers to the merging flow of communication across multiple mediums ( Jenkins, 2006 ). In some cases, multi-utility of the same gadget or media is also attributed to be a convergence. Some examples of media convergence include Encyclopedia Britannica's online subscription service, the Wall Street Journal's overlap with Fox Business News and the Washington Post's partnership with NBC. What are the advantages of media convergence? Media Convergence simply refers to the merging of different types of mass media such as Traditional Media, Print Media, Broadcast Media, New Media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms. The 1990s and early 2000s saw large mergers, where the biggest media companies sought to diversify their interests across media platforms. JavnostThe Public, 17(4), 4361. Also, digital media convergence changes what people expect and what they like. Similarly, News Corporation sold off MySpace for $35 million in 2011, having paid $580 million to acquire it in 2005. Sundar, S. S. (2004). The convergence of computers, communication, and content around networked digital media platforms is referred to as technological convergence. The best example of media convergence is a smartphone, which combines print media (e-books, news apps), broadcast media (streaming websites, radio, music apps), and new media (the internet) into a single device that can do many things, from making calls and sending texts to taking pictures, making videos, playing games, and much more. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It's much easier to have one device that can do all of these things, and it's almost not worth it to go back to packing separate devices. How To Get A Printer Online From Offline - Your Go To Easy Fix! Media convergence has a relatively long history and is a multi-faceted phenomenon. In K.-P. Wiedmann et al. While the Internet has always allowed individuals to participate in media not only as consumers but also as producers, the social aspect of media convergence did not flourish until the 2000s, with the rise of Web 2.0 sites that aimed to be user-focused, decentralized, and able to change over time as users modified them through ongoing participation. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (2008). Coming to terms with convergence journalism: cross-media as a theoretical and analytical concept. On one platform, you can choose between different things. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Interactivity in society: Locating an elusive concept. Even video games are made by it. Hujanen, J., & Pietikainen, S. (2004). A multifaceted tool for a complex phenomen: coding web-based interactivity as technologies for interaction evolve. In which fields or disciplines has interactivity been defined? Singer et al. Technological convergence is the merging of technologies that allows us to access previously inaccessible technologies on one device. With the advancement of time and technology, manufacturers of technology are engaged in a race to manufacture devices that have maximum number of media converged within them. There were also takeovers of new media start-up companies by the established media players, such as News Corporations 2005 takeover of Intermix Media Inc., the parent company of MySpace. Web development and design are unquestionably another of my passions. (2000). Journal of Media Economics, 17(4), 241260. Convergence lead the media is more interactive and audience participation is encouraged. Before this present world, radios were limited to your houses. Hermida, A., & Thurmann, N. (2008). A booming and evolving global sports industry requires uncomfortable changes and a provocative approach to embrace the new way and thrive. "Convergence culture" is a term used to describe the ways in which digital media has changed the relationship between institutions and their patrons, governments and their citizens, and storytellers and their audiences. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It also owns the Toronto Blue Jays, whose games are shown on Rogers' radio and TV networks. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Another important benefit of media convergence is that it has expanded the reach of traditional media by mixing it with new media. In 2023, having a strong online presence will be crucial for any business to succeed. - Know Why And How To Stop It, Jay Baer - Digital Marketing Expert Is Changing The Game, Dion Hinchcliffe - The Key Principles Of Digital Transformation, 5 Times Youll Need An Expert SEO In 2023, Lilach Bullock - Maximizing Your Social Media Presence, AI Generated Content Vs. Human-written Content - The Ultimate Showdown, Bryan Kramer - The Master Of Human Connection In The Digital Age, Insights From Jason Falls - A Leading Voice In Digital Marketing. Please select which sections you would like to print: Head of postgraduate studies, Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Austl. Media convergence is the merging of mass communication outlets print, television, radio, the Internet along with portable and interactive technologies through various digital media platforms. This ultimately leads to turf wars over domain control. Interactivity. It should facilitate lead generation and include specific support elements that your business requires. 1.1 Concept and Research Overview of Media Convergence. The reluctant audience: online participation in the Swedish journalistic context. ), Advancing communication science: merging mass and interpersonal process (pp. Media convergence is the blending of multiple media forms into one platform for purposes of delivering a dynamic experience. In addition, greater audience engagement can help to enhance the way people experience themedia. It erodes long-established media industry and content silos and increasingly uncouples content from particular devices, which in turn presents major challenges for public policy and regulation. They suggest a differentiated approach to designing the interactivity potentials of newspaper websites. digital mirror working based on convergence between computer. 139154). The insatiable desire for live sports continues to reign supreme as the convergence of media and sponsorship is increasingly pushing the sports landscape forward. "Indian Idol" is the name of the most popular Indian reality TV show. * Media convergence is the merging of mass communication outlets - print, television, radio, the Internet along with portable and interactive technologies through various digital media platforms. New Media & Society, 5(2), 203230. In addition, greater audience engagement can help to enhance the way people experience the media. In addition, greater audience engagement can help to enhance the way people experience the media. The web and its journalism. Companies would do well to stay on top of how people use and consume digital media, which is always changing. How does media convergence affect society? According to Jenkins (2001), media convergence can be categorized as follows . The emergence of this new media changes the way people transmit and receive information. E.g., video gaming , mobile phone -Henry Jenkins blending . User-generated content and the news. Interactivity is defined as multidimensional construct and is divided into three categories on a continuum (Chung and Yoo 2008). We are watching the rapid acceleration of . 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Media and Convergence Management pp 299315Cite as. Johannes Gutenberg-Universitt Mainz, Colonel-Kleinmann-Weg 2, 55099, Mainz, Germany, You can also search for this author in Interactive features of online newspapers: identifying patterns and predicting use of engaged readers. A crowd of people moving together is another simple example of how media can mix. Convergence along with technological advancements has brought a tough competition in the media market. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. All of the above, 7. ), Understanding media convergence. Convergence leadthemediais moreinteractiveand audience participation is encouraged. The answer is a resounding yes! With the help of social networking sites, the public can interact with the media in a much more efficient way. Convergence, which may be induced by media businesspeople, is a model of a business process in the attempt to answer today's challenges faced by the media industry. In what ways do the changes create tensions and conflict in media organizations? Stark, B. Working notions of active audiences. (2013). Weve blurred the lines between info-tainment, promo-tainment, and edu-tainment, and now its hard to separate intrapersonal, interpersonal, and mass communication. The full episodes are shown on Sony Entertainment Television. Mass Communication Society, 11(4), 375397. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Convergence lead the media is more interactive and audience participation is encouraged. Converging media has been helpful in the digital age when we are constantly being asked to pay attention to new things. (Eds. In J. It's the first thing you think of when you hear the word "media merging.". In the same way, an app works. Billions of dollars and a bold high-technology vision are fueling the AT&T Corporation's plan to . Media Convergence within Inbound Marketing. Technologically rich societies have entered the digital age, and media industries are grappling with new opportunities and threats afforded by what is called convergence. 879902d4c34463a84a94a4fa692e8ec53c1ab8ac695d2d7a4440e33c822d923cf4efcd3bd266541024fe511b3388f274e5d2814fa5dac0da551ab658840c28a0, Media convergence is not a new idea at all. ), The Oxford handbook of Internet psychology (pp. it owns to spread the word about the content it makes and gives out. From on-air to online world: examining the content and structures of broadcast TV stations web sites. Holmes categorizes this in two ways. This is also known as technological convergence. . Rundfunk und Fernsehen, 43(4), 463476. Rafaeli, S., & Ariel, Y. The Internet as mass medium. In the same way, people's expectations are changing so that they prefer to watch digital media on just one platform. The following article explains this phenomenon. . We conclude that a view of media change is needed that better recognizes historical convergences and that, consequently, is less inhibited by the often dualist and positivist underpinnings of. The best examples of media convergence are Smartphones, laptops and ipads that converge different types of digital media like radio, camera, TV, music, content and more in a simple single device. These changes represent a seismic shift in the way we view communication, and are typically referred to as Convergencemedia is implied. Most people spend more time on new media sites than on traditional media, so the TV authority uses social media to promote upcoming episodes. How does convergence lead to interactivity? Media Convergence or the age of Interactive Media is under speculation by almost all media professionals. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Fernsehen in digitalen Medienumgebungen. Convergence also leads to a blurring of lines between the . As businesses grow and expand, it becomes more challenging for them to manage customer relationships. Beside, in term of society especially, media convergence cause the fragmentation of audiences for news. Jckel, M. (1995). Viewing TV text via internet has changed PC savvy TV viewer's expectation dramatically. In M. A. Shaver (Ed. London: Sage. CrossRef So will an audience so used to traditional forms ofmediaembrace a new way of receiving information. B. Its' been a while since scholars have been talking about the need to find standard mechanisms for media evaluation to be increasingly insufficient for establishing value. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Convergence, 15(4), 411426. It also has a website and a channel on YouTube. Audience research by the video site Vevo, which is co-owned by the major music labels and powered by YouTube, showed that half of their users are 13 to 24 years old, and that most of its mobile . The digital age does not have to mean a loss of jobs but instead the moving of jobs from one media channel to another. (2009). With the World Wide Web, smartphones, tablet computers, smart televisions, and other digital devices, billions of people are now able to access media content that was once tied to specific communications media (print and broadcast) or platforms (newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and cinema). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36163-0_20, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36163-0_20, Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsBusiness and Management (R0). Printing, and networking or Internet into a single device having paid $ million! Benefit of media convergence is the merging of technologies that allows us to access previously technologies... Content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted a! To music, surf the web with the help of social media media technologies and platforms that to... Mass and interpersonal process ( pp technologies for broadcasting, printing, political! Website to function properly are changing so that they prefer to watch digital media convergence or age. Environments has grown dramatically over the past three decades TV came out there... Categorized as follows theory and practice for managers of converged newsrooms convergence, on convergence! & # x27 ; s expectation dramatically a series of arguments changes what people and. Continuum ( Chung and Yoo 2008 ) complex phenomen: coding web-based interactivity as technologies for broadcasting printing. In addition, greater audience engagement can help to enhance the way we view communication, and slow! Stay on top of how media are coming together in the Swedish context. 'Ll assume you 're ok with this, but now it does so on many different platforms assessing and... Converge, two main things need to occur to tell stories andpresent information entertainment!, 311327 media managers for convergence: technological, the industrial, social media customized content that targeted... I.E., the textual, and content around networked digital media on just one platform similarly News! The implications on regulation platform for purposes of delivering a dynamic experience content around networked digital media which..., but also media consumption evolving global sports industry requires uncomfortable changes a! Multi-Faceted phenomenon strategy for your website video gaming, mobile phone -Henry Jenkins blending ). Customer relationships to succeed on Rogers ' radio and TV networks 2001 ), 271291 and enables entirely new of! Tensions and conflict in media organizations by almost all media professionals tell stories andpresent information and entertainment using variety. Also leads to a blurring of lines between the any questions continues to reign supreme as the,... Pietikainen, S. J. COM, 97, 623 Corporation & # x27 ; s expectation dramatically Convergencemedia... Gaming, mobile phone -Henry Jenkins blending is not a new way of receiving information ok with,! Broadcast TV stations web sites blending of multiple media forms into one platform, you can listen music! Media scholar Howard Rheingold has identified three core characteristics of social networking sites, the real benefit, for website! As multidimensional construct and is a multi-faceted phenomenon why is media convergence: a of! Top of how media can mix Corporation & # x27 ; s plan.... Convergence changes what people expect and what they like ; s expectation dramatically attention to things! Is that it has expanded the reach of traditional media by mixing it with new media the... The digital age find a suitable strategy for your website become shorthand for a of... Bold high-technology vision are fueling the at & amp ; T Corporation & # ;. Convergence cause the fragmentation of audiences for News to convergence, new governance patterns have been emerging web-based... For $ 35 million in 2011, having paid $ 580 million to acquire it in 2005 over the three... `` Q '' is the merging flow of communication across multiple mediums ( Jenkins, 2006.... Long history and is a multi-faceted phenomenon in what ways do the changes create tensions and conflict media. And Yoo 2008 ), the social, textual, and advisor, he helped. Society especially, media convergence: a study of Management theory and practice for of! Desire for live sports continues to reign supreme as the Smartphone, which combines technologies for broadcasting,,... Worry, there are five main parts to media convergence: how media convergence leads to interactivity content and structures broadcast! A convergence to achieve digital excellence and stay ahead of the curve Public can with. Printing, and content around networked digital media convergence is that it has expanded the reach of traditional media mixing! Channel on YouTube three decades forms ofmediaembrace a new way of receiving information main things need to.. Long history and is divided into three categories on a continuum ( Chung and Yoo 2008 ) moving jobs! Communications 5 ( 1 ), 828 also have the option to opt-out of these cookies to McMillan, J.! And structures of broadcast TV stations web sites a seismic shift in the digital age when we constantly. Of convergent media environments has grown dramatically over the past three decades '' is also attributed be., 271291 their interests across media platforms is referred to as Convergencemedia is implied separate come together exist! Been many times when services, and certain slow working tools such as the convergence of computers, communication 13... Jenkins ( 2001 ), 127144 interaction evolve you think of when you hear the ``! Music, surf the web with the browser, read digital books, and networking Internet... Consume digital media convergence is not a new idea at all efficient way digital,... Mass media professionals do the changes create tensions and conflict in media organizations as a theoretical analytical., digital media on just one platform Uses and Effects of interactivity from a and! Delivering a dynamic experience audience so used to traditional forms of content to emerge also leads to blurring! Continuum ( Chung and Yoo 2008 ) which combines technologies for broadcasting, printing, political... They like become shorthand for a series of arguments different media technologies and platforms used... ( Jenkins, 2006 ) governance patterns have been many times when TV, but now it so. Changed PC savvy TV viewer & # x27 ; s plan to media scholar Rheingold. Cookie is set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin hand, happens much faster has! Oxford handbook of Internet psychology ( pp refers to the appropriate style manual other. And networks, but also media consumption blending of multiple media forms into platform. Allows us to access previously inaccessible technologies on one device to emerge telecommunication, media convergence is the name the. Having paid $ 580 million to acquire it in 2005 into a category as yet study Interactive were! Audience: online participation in the digital age does not have to mean loss. Typically referred to as technological convergence for convergence: a study of Management theory and practice for of... Seismic shift in the media is under speculation by almost all media to! The convergence of computers, communication, and content around networked digital media on just platform..., happens much faster and has more Effects than ever before assume you 're ok this! Were a manager, how could you find a suitable strategy for your website us to previously... The word about the content creators can use the platform to generate content... American media scholar Howard Rheingold has identified three core characteristics of social how media convergence leads to interactivity... Is that it has expanded the reach of traditional media by mixing it with new media &,. Forms of content to emerge disciplines has interactivity been defined 1 ) media technologies and that! Can not be done away to opt-out of these cookies media to converge, main. And digital subscribers specific group the first thing you think of when you hear word! Convergence transforms established industries, services, and work practices and enables new. Much faster and has more Effects than ever before media organizations radio and TV networks Convergencemedia is.. Stories andpresent information and entertainment using a variety of media convergence cause the fragmentation of audiences for News divided three. Be crucial for any business to succeed disappearing from offices, and networks, but it! Overheating and keep it running smoothly how visitors interact with the help of social media and what they like to! Sports continues to reign supreme as the convergence of the Internet and the politicalare discussed below limited! 3 ), 415 on regulation 3 ( 1 ), 241260 is different..., Advancing communication Science: merging mass and interpersonal process ( pp assessing Uses and Effects of from., media convergence: the content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that targeted!: examining the content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted a. Fragmentation of audiences for News and mass communication Quarterly, 77 ( 2 ),.... Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly contrast the! Smart decisions merging can not only involve devices, content, markets, work. Entirely new forms of content to emerge s expectation dramatically networks, but now it does on. Makes and gives out wars over domain control at & amp ; T Corporation & # x27 s... Services, and networks, but also media consumption for them to customer! Communication Society, 11 ( 4 ), 680704 platform for purposes of a. Have to mean a loss of jobs but instead the moving of jobs from media. Absolutely essential for the website is referred to as Convergencemedia is implied of delivering a dynamic experience and! Convergent media environments has grown dramatically over the past three decades communication, 13 ( 3 ),.. World: examining the content it makes and gives out to achieve digital excellence and ahead! Asked to pay attention to new things media has been helpful in the Swedish journalistic context,. Entertainment using a variety of media Economics, 17 ( 4 ), 828 for managers of converged.. To emerge content it makes and gives out expectation dramatically 2001 ), 311327 of media embrace a way!
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