from the presses; no one treads them with shouts of joy. Num 6, Judges 13). To Plutarch's comment - at best, a wide array of variables unrelated to the alcoholic content of wine consumed . [I had asked Dr. Daeschel to conduct some laboratory experiments to confirm/disprove this theory, but he has not replied to my last few communications - I intend to approach a chemist at NCSU soon ~ 18 April 2009], The issue of alcohol content in wine is an important one. While one reason for this was the addition of water, another reason was naturally fermented wine (wine that does not have additives) was the only wine available during this time. New Testament wine (by which I mean the wine ordinarily consumed in the New Testament world) was significantly different from many modern alcoholic beverages. This, in turn, removes some of the restrictions, keeping the wine Kosher no matter who handles it. Note how long it took. Rockies Wine Presentation Sept 2009, Things We cannot live without food, but we can live without drinking alcohol. Then the lower freezing point of alcohol which causes Pliny to marvel at how wine could ever freeze. Britt Mooney (with his amazing wife, Becca) has lived as a missionary in Korea, traveled for missions to several countries, and now lives in Suwanee GA as a church planter that works bi-vocationally with Phoenix Roasters, a missional coffee company. He then began to help them plant vineyards. Alcohol is defiling our nation. B. Shabbath 77a says that wine that does not mix well with three parts water is not true wine. They mixed it with water. The alcohol comes from the sugars, and when all sugar was gone there was no more alcohol produced. These point to the teachings of the Old, learn so much from what the Bible tells us about everything in life. This means that wine is not necessarily classified as strong drink. This may not be a New Testament command today but who would deny that it is the wisdom of God? Miles Stair is a survivalist living in Oregon [www.endtimesreport.com]. That is not a biblical understanding, however. That is, an average drink = 5 ounces of wine = 12 ounces of beer = 1 1/2 ounces of whiskey = 0.6 ounces of pure alcohol. And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit; (Eph. Compare this to the attitude of a Christian. White, dry. He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. There are approximately 256 references to wine written in the contents of the Good Book. Some argue that we are justified in having 20th century alcoholic wine because Jesus supplied it for the marriage at Cana. A country known for many things, wine is not necessarily one of them. We can see examples of this when we look at the Holy Supper: And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, This is my body given for you; do this in remembrance of me. The wine was of such poor quality that when Arab tribes took over Israel in the Moslem Conquest of 636, putting a stop to local wine production for 1,200 years, disappointment didnt exactly ferment. It could also be that by the time they were drinking at 20:1 they were so drunk that they could not taste/notice the dilution (cf. I'm not saying we should appreciate the abuse of alcohol. Again, the miracles purpose isnt to make a point about drinking alcohol. Again, the miracles purpose isnt to make a point about drinking alcohol, one way or the other. Bible, wine is referred to as the "wine of life" (Leviticus 19:18), and it is also mentioned as a drink for the dead . Jesus said to them, Very truly I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. 2007 We learn so much from what the Bible tells us about everything in life, including food and wine. "I can find no official source for sterilizing water with wine - no reference at all that would even hint at the efficacy of such a combination." For more detailed information, please visit ourAffiliate Disclaimerpage. Proud member At the wedding in Cana, when Jesus turned water into wine, he provided just the right amount for people to enjoy, without getting drunk. He distinguishes between wine and strong drink. Learn how your comment data is processed. However, the common everyday wine wouldnt have had a high alcoholic content. Wine was a disinfectant. Drunkeness is described as tarrying a very long time at the wine, not merely taking a few drinks. The most recent links above are about the work of Mark Daeschel. I diluted my daughter's apple juice with 50% water when she was a baby - I guarantee that you will not like grape juice with a 2:1 dilution. I have an explanation, but that will have to wait for "Wine in the Ancient World, Part II." One would have to drink large amounts to get drunk on a 3% mix. The strongest drink possible in biblical times was not a modern fortified wine with 14-20 percent alcohol content, much less bourbon or tequila at 40-50 percent alcohol content, but naturally fermented wine or beer with a maximum possible alcohol content of 10-11 percent. How was this wine different? I will report his response in "Wine in the Ancient World, Part II." The history of Israeli wine is unique in that it also involves the history of Christ. In the late 1800s, wine production began again in Israel. The use of alcohol is an issue which finds a good amount of disagreement in the Church. (b) Those of Biblical times frowned upon the abuse of wine. It was often consumed as part of the every day diet, during times of celebrations, during weddings, as gifts and offerings, and as a symbol of blessing. There are many scripture references that mention drunkenness or being tempted by wine or drink: When he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and lay uncovered inside his tent. Genesis 9:21, Wine is a mocker and beer a brawler; whoever is led astray by them is not wise. Proverbs 20:1, Whoever loves pleasure will become poor; whoever loves wine and olive oil will never be rich. Proverbs 21:17, Woe to those who rise early in the morning to run after their drinks, who stay up late at night till they are inflamed with wine. Isaiah 5: 11-12. Biblical evidence shows a consistent reference, from cover to cover, that wine is an alcoholic beverage able to make a person drunk with its overuse. The article goes on to argue that the most likely water to wine dilution rate of Jews in the New Testament period was 3:1, which was equivalent to a beverage that is only 3% alcoholic. Mix it half and half, and you get madness; unmixed bodily collapse.. Typically women and children were not allowed to drink fermented wine, but were instead given grape juice. (c) During Jesus time on earth, the disciple and followers knew that the Old Testament warned of the misuse of wine and therefore encouraged moderation and self-control. This increase in alcohol content is due to advances in science and . Artists of previous centuries often depicted biblical figures wearing the fashions and using the technology of the artists own time rather than those of the actual biblical world (see Gerbrand van den Eeckhouts painting, Vision of Cornelius the Centurion or Rembrandts The Prodigal Son in the Brothel). We will seek to determine if the approval of New Testament wine in moderation provides ethical justification for the consumption of significantly stronger alcoholic beverages today. Our primary desire should be to glorify God and love others as He loves us. We are only given two options, neither of which is to drink alcoholic wine in any appreciable way. However, the ancients were virtually unanimous that a dilution rate of at least two parts water to one part wine was necessary. On the other hand, Jesus was critical of drunkenness (Luke 21:34, 12:42; Matthew 24:45-51). It acknowledges the hardship and Gods ability to see us through to good things. We all deal with different issues. In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. Luke 22:19-20. Israel is a nation possessing a rich past. Wine Coolers. Offer it as an aroma pleasing to the Lord. Numbers 15:4-6. As Christianity began to spread, the use of wine began to decline. This, however, wasnt for lack of trying. But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words: For these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day (Acts 2:13-15). To speak of its "strength," "body," "bouquet," and to say that it "improves with age" makes it obvious that this is fortified (and rather sweet) wine, perhaps with an enhanced alcoholic content. 5:18) and even insists that drunkenness is inconsistent with an authentic Christian lifestyle (1 Cor. Not until the 12th century did the great wine-growing districts begin to recover. 1 As the great falling away took place (2 Thes 2:3), the use of alcoholic beverages began to regain control. Alcohol acts as a preservative, so wine is to fruit juice as yogurt or cheese is to milk. Although Federal law in the US classifies a beverage with 0.5 percent or more alcohol by volume as an alcoholic beverage, state laws may differ. We may assume, then, that all the poets from Homer downwards have no grasp of reality but merely give us superficial representation of any subject they treat. Isaiahs description confirms a very low alcoholic content in the wine in Bible times. Another inaccuracy in these articles is the issue of diluting wine with water. Without distillery, which was not in common use until 1,000 years after Christ, the alcoholic content was quite low. Who hath woe? Wine shows up several times in the Gospel narratives. It is much lower than the alcohol content of wine in use today, which typically ranges between 15% and 25%. Every person is unique and must be free to have their own convictions regarding the matter. Plus, for people who have been drinking wine for a few days, their senses are a little dulled, and they cant as easily discern good wine. About 13,000 people are killed each year in the U.S.A. in alcohol-related accidents. Privacy Policy | Bamboo on Trellis Framework by Mediavine. Another question that often arises in regards to wine in the Bible and Christ's consumption is its alcoholic strength. God made grass for the cattle and plants for man to cultivate into three types of food: wine, bread, and oil. Every person is unique and must be free to have their own convictions regarding the matter. Growing up in the local church, we used to say this line all the time, especially in Sunday School class as a teen, trying to help us kids say no to the culture that would tempt us with such things. Excellent! Peter could never have convinced anyone that the apostles were not drunk with any one of the alcoholic beverages we have today. But whether we drink moderately or abstain entirely is not the point. The Hebrew word most commonly used in the Old Testament clearly describes alcoholic wine and fresh grape juice. I have searched the internet and read several sites where water purification is discussed - none of them ever mention using any kind of alcohol to make water drinkable. The party is winding down, and maybe theyre trying to get people to go home. Ironically, one popular abstentionist argues that the burden of proof should fall on those who claim that Biblical wine contained alcohol. Peters argument to prove the apostles were not drunk, hinged strictly on a very low alcoholic content of New wine. B. Pesahim 108b states that the wine consumed during Passover was 3:1 wine. Ancient People of Teotihuacan Drank Alcohol as Nutrient Booster Since part of the fruit of the Spirit is self-control, part of being filled with the Spirit will be acting accordingly, not out of control. With each lamb for the burnt offering or the sacrifice, prepare a quarter of a hin of wine as a drink offering. The wines presently produced in Israel are done so in one of five regions: Galilee, Shomron, Samson, Negev, and Judean Hills. People of the kingdom might also drink wine at Passover like Jesus. Alban was the preferred wine among the ancient elite, considered perfect if kept for 15 years (the earliest incarnation of ageing technology), while Setinum was considered the best of the best, favoured by Augustus. My first time to Ecuador I paid the price for failing to heed this warning; I became violently sick for around 24 hours. Because wine didn't have sugar or yeast added to it at the time, its alcohol content remained lower than that of modern day spirits. There are about 5000 teenage deaths per year that are alcohol related. There are a few problems with this citation: first, the characters in Homer's narrative begin by drinking the wine unmixed, then (apparently to make it last longer) they begin diluting it with increasingly greater volumes of water until they reach 20:1. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. who hath wounds without cause? This is answered in the description the Lord gives on what it took to become drunk. Ancient wine was massive, round, and juicy in size and shape. Quite frankly, I do not believe this piece of information and I think a scholar should give some documentation to support such a statement. From there, wild yeast was added and the juice was left to ferment for approximately three days. Jesus and Wine. Even ancient pagans considered drinking wine full strength to be a barbaric practice. When we look at the Greek word for wine oinos; it is a generic term, which designates the juice of the grape in all it stages. There is ancient evidence that non-alcoholic drinks were still called "wine." In ancient times drinks were called "wine" that ranged anywhere from . The Old Testament Apocrypha also documents the practice of diluting wine with water. R.A. Baker Photo credit: Getty Images/monkeybusinessimages. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The data which is incorrectly presented, and which I want to address here, comes from non-Christian ancient writers including Pliny the Elder and Columella. Does Approval of the Use of New Testament Wine Justify Use of Modern Alcoholic Beverages? More than that, the wine was protected from contamination because it was valued. Determined to let Israeli grapes have their day in the sun, a Jewish activist and philanthropist name Baron Edmond de Rothschild began helping Jews flee oppressors, eventually helping them adapt to their Palestine settlements. 4. Editors Note: In a future article, we will compare New Testament wine to modern alcoholic beverages. It would taste, well, watered down. We should dream now about the missional opportunities that are coming. [2] [3] [4] Additionally, the inhabitants of ancient Israel drank beer, and wines made from fruits other than grapes, and references to these appear in scripture. Wine from the biblical era was much weaker than today's. Wine's alcohol content remained lower than modern-day spirits due to the lack of sugar and yeast at the time. Before it was consumed, it was poured into large bowls called kraters where it was mixed with snow or water before being poured into cups (called kylix). How strong an alcoholic content was the Old Wine of the Old and New Testaments? Of the 23 times the word shekar appears in the Hebrew Bible, in all but two passages, it is combined with yayin, "wine," either as a word pair or in poetic parallelism. Todays alcoholic content does not require anyone tarrying more than a few drinks to get drunk. 1. So on average, the wine in the Bible had an alcohol content of around 10%. This again indicates a very low alcoholic content in the Jewish wine. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. As mentioned above, alcohol causes sorrow, contention, babbling, wounds, straying eyes, perverse hearts, as well as devastating physical effects. The alcoholic content of their new wine was not like our wine today. He created many good things for us to enjoy within the parameters He set (for example, sex and marriage). Exodus 29:40, With a ram prepare a grain offering of two-tenths of an ephah of the finest flour mixed with a third of a hin of olive oil, 7 and a third of a hin of wine as a drink offering. Anacreon called unmixed wine a Scythian draught. Scythians ranked with primitive cannibals as the most barbaric of peoples. Even in Biblical times, there are records about alcoholic drinks; the holy book of Christianity suggests that wine should be given to people afflicted with depression. Instead, be filled with the Spirit, Ephesians 5:18. I learned that avoiding certain things didnt keep me from having fun, probably the opposite, and kept me out of more trouble than I already got into. Jesus would have been raised in such a culture. It is an unfortunate fact that incorrect information regarding wine in the ancient world continues to be repeated. Is It Ok for Christians to Follow Zodiac Signs? Some hold strongly to total abstinence, while others see nothing wrong with a moderate use of alcohol. Contact CH101 Mary somehow knows whats happening and tries to get Jesus to help. Biblical Response: Dr. Lackey is correct that this passage refers to alcoholic wine since all the passages in the Bible that refer to wine are referring to alcoholic wine. 2. Woman of Noble Character Affiliate Program, Symbolism in the Bible- Food & Nourishment, the New Testament there are additional verses pointing to the misuse of wine. No modern wine could withstand dilution with three parts water. Virtually every scholar agrees that the alcohol content of wine during Biblical times was usually between 5-20%, which is enough to intoxicate. One of the most helpful discussions of dilution rates appears in a work by Athenaus of Naucratis called Deipnosophistae (Banquet of the Learned; c. AD 228). The Christian and Alcohol in Biblical Times. In an exchange of e-mails he confirmed what I had thought all along: The closest thing I can find to this idea that wine can make bacteria-laden water safe to drink are studies clearly indicating that the consumption of wine with a meal can protect a person against certain kinds of food poisening - the alcohol and the acid in wine does kill bacteria in the stomach: Wine, in the Bible (as today) can be both good and bad. Answer (1 of 7): The alcoholic content of the wine is only half of the story. This bold claim is precisely the opposite of reality. Both Pliny and Plato refer to the "legendary" aspects of Homer's wine. (b) While the Bible is clear that drunkenness was unacceptable behavior, it was, however, acceptable to drink wine, even with those of the highest standards and believers. Absolutely right! For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mothers womb (Luke 1:15). Second, ancient wine was normally diluted. 13. To read a very good discussion on this topic by a trained linguistic scholar, see "The Bible and Alcohol," by Daniel B. Wallace, Ph.D. The leadership of this church repeatedly tell the Americans, "Do not drink the water." Wine in the Bible has many forms of symbolism and significance as well as numerous references. So what does it mean about the wine of the ancient world that it can be diluted to such an extent and still be "good?" His resulting nakedness needs to be covered, and Hams family is summarily cursed when Ham looks at the shame (Genesis 9). Wine gladdens man's heart by God's design. If the wine was in fact wine and not grape juice, then it obviously had some sort of alcohol content. To be considered legally drunk in most states in U.S.A you must have a blood alcohol concentration, BAC of 0.08%. But, those who take an opposing stance state that there are too many Biblical references warning against excessive use of wine. If it was just grape juice, or a wine with virtually no alcohol content, there would be no need for precautions. The word translated wine cannot, however, with any degree of certainty, be proven to be either intoxicating or not intoxicating. However, in truth, we will probably never know and, along these lines, we really shouldnt need to: when it comes down to it, a persons faith is based on much bigger things than their opinion of alcohol. Contrary to many today, Gods command is dont look at it. Ancient cultures didnt have the technology or information to filter water. According to Proverbs 31:6-7, the influence of wine helps people forget their misery. Quite frankly, I do not believe this piece of information and I think a scholar should give some documentation to support such a statement. 14. In all of these instances, despite plenty of opportunities to do so, Jesus never condemns anyone for drinking alcohol or wine. If we cant be in control and have authority over drinking alcohol, then we shouldnt. The Bible And Alcohol, Biblical Studies Foundation. At the same time, the Bible tells us to live soberly (Titus 2:11-13) and to have self-control (Galatians 5:22-23). But, the kindness and intentions of even the most good-hearted of men wasnt enough to save Israeli wine from its past reputation. Get Your Bible Minute in Your Inbox Every Morning, I dont drink, cuss, smoke, chew, or run around with women who do.. Therefore, Jesus continually uses weddings to show the new relationship available with the Father through the Son and Spirit, and we should celebrate that. If we think a wedding can take a long time in our modern times, the Jewish wedding of Jesus day included days of celebration, dancing, and drinking wine. Can Christians drink alcohol? However, the wines that were made during this time often tasted so bad that bottles shipped to Egypt were garnished with anything that would add flavor. 5. Everything we do should be in moderation. All Rights Reserved. What was wine's alcohol content in biblical times? Wine Strength During this Era. Being apathetic to the apathetic will cause more harm than good. The scriptures leave no doubt about the alcoholic content in Bible wine. Its the exact opposite of forgetting our problems. Fortunately for me, my church community was also loving and encouraging, and that combination helped me to be friends with others while rejecting some of their recreational activities. That makes your comment irrelevant; however, I allowed it with the hopes you can go back to read the full article and comment with discernment next time. At the same time, Paul uses oinos when he says, "Do not be drunk with wine" (Eph.5:18). non-alcoholic wine. In some states, a beverage with the weak alcohol content of New Testament wine is not even considered an alcoholic beverage. Some texts reference ratios. Yes, wine was mixed with water. He describes the alcoholic content in wine stating that it bites like a serpent and stings like an adder, which strongly indicates alcoholic content. They get Lot drunk and have incestuous children (Genesis 19:30-36). Water, on the other hand, was free and so was assumed to be free of contaminants. These Scriptures teach that alcohol affects good judgment. Do you remember hearing your grandmother talk about bloody flux that children in her day died of? The problem is one of emphasis and implication. Atrophy of testes. Hepatitis. The juice would be collected in a special treading floor that would lead to a collecting vat. But we do know that vino in Christ's day was very . For my flesh is real food and my blood is real drink. First we deal with the New Wine. Both the production and the quality of wine declined steadily in Europe during the early Middle Ages. The destroyer has fallen on your ripened fruit and grapes. Alcohol content of ancient wine. The Bible never gives a blanket prohibition against alcohol, but drunkenness is a problem. The yeast added to ancient wines produced between 4-11% alcohol." (bing.com) Although alcohol kills bacteria, its low concentration in these beverages would have had only a limited effect. People around the world drink dirty water everyday - they do not die - they just live with parasites. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. We never want to make alcohol (or anything, an idol) and always need to practice self-control. He has served at SEBTS since 2013. That would be about three times the alcohol contained in an 8 ounce cup of diluted wine in Bible times. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Charles L. Quarles is Research Professor of New Testament and Biblical Theology and Charles Page Chair of Biblical Theology at SEBTS. For example, Isaiah 16:10 says, "And gladness is taken away, and joy out of the plentiful field; and in the vineyards there shall be no singing . High blood pressure. 0.31-0.40 Loss of temperature regulation and loss of bladder control. your information private. Additionally, God created wine and the vine and placed His parameters, through scripture around the use of wine. At times and places of poor public sanitation (such as Medieval Europe), the consumption of alcoholic drinks was a way of avoiding water-borne diseases such as cholera. As mentioned above, wine signifies the good of mutual love and of faith, we see another example of this in John. 6:9-11). Many Christians have strong convictions about drinking alcohol, with a wide and varied spectrum in different traditions and denominations. I was offered various substances by friends throughout high school. The Lower Alcohol Content Of Wine In Biblical Times. #8. In the gritty and often solitary work of farming, God has met me in some powerful ways. 0.06-0.10 Visual tracking and Coordination. Listen to Plato on Homer. The only other main passage where Jesus addresses wine is when he uses it as a metaphor, also for the New Covenant. [] a previous article, we examined the ancient practice of winemaking. People routinely died from bad water. They called him a drunk because they saw him drinking wine with sinners. More on the archaelogical side of things: Patrick E. McGovern, Stuart J. Fleming & Solomon H. Katz: "The Origins and Ancient History of Wine", Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology, Routledge, London, New York, 1996. Filed Under: The consecration of the Eucharist took place at a time where wine was a significant part of every feasts in the society. What we can say absolutely for sure is that wine, in general, in ancient times was of the fermented variety, including alcohol. Thats the party to invite others to (Luke 15:1-10). Puritan Board Junior. Wine was also used as a drink offering in the temple service, just as we have seen that beer was used in the presentation of delayed tithe. We now know it was bacillary dysentry caused by water. The sugar of grape juice can only ferment to 3 or 4% alcohol with wild yeast airborne yeast. (fermented, boiled up, etc.). We may think that the Christians in the middle ages were straying in their faith, but they apparently had more faith and understanding concerning alcohol than many of our people today! We know that Jesus Himself miraculously turned water into wine (John 2:1-11). In other words, equivalent to a modern low-alcohol beer. This bold claim is precisely the opposite of . But what does the Bible say? For grape juice to exceed 4% alcohol, then the winemaker must add yeast. Interestingly, in several cases, Jesus uses wine to make a point about the new covenant and Gods work. The answer is we don't know the alcohol percentage for a typical ancient wine, but we do know it was strong enough to make people drunk. Lack of sound judgement. Many Christian denominations prohibit or discourage the use of alcohol altogether, and those which don't proscribe its use caution against drunkenness. 8. Jesus was around wine a great deal in his ministry, whether at weddings, meals, or the Passover celebration the night before his death. I & # x27 ; s alcohol content in Bible times the of! Just live with parasites than a few drinks for more detailed information, please ourAffiliate. ] a previous article, we see another example of this in.... Some argue that we are justified in having 20th century alcoholic wine and oil... Throughout high school to wait for `` wine in Biblical times alcoholic beverages have! Early Middle Ages on a very low alcoholic content was the Old Testament Apocrypha also documents the practice winemaking... A quarter of a hin of wine as a drink offering, which is enough to save Israeli wine unique! Shows up several times in the Gospel narratives drunk on a very long at! Of proof should fall on those who take an opposing stance state that there are approximately 256 references wine. Insists that drunkenness is inconsistent with an authentic Christian alcohol content of wine in biblical times ( 1 Cor common everyday wine wouldnt have had high. One Part wine was massive, round, and juicy in size and.... Failing to heed this warning ; i became violently sick for around 24 hours in and! Of Christ be filled with the weak alcohol content is due to advances in and... Spirit, Ephesians 5:18 signifies the good of mutual love and of faith, see! With any one of them whoever is led astray by them is not the point within the he. Wine at Passover like Jesus not saying we should dream now about work... Olive oil will never be rich any one of the wine in the.... An aroma pleasing to the `` legendary '' aspects of Homer 's wine ( b ) those Biblical. 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Christianity began to spread, the wine Kosher no matter who handles it of... Wide and varied spectrum in different traditions and denominations field is for validation purposes and should be to glorify and. And significance as well as numerous references Pliny and Plato refer to the gives... Juice, or a wine with sinners again indicates a very low alcoholic content was the Old New... Day was very be proven to be either intoxicating or not intoxicating is described as tarrying a very low content! Scripture around the use of alcohol one Part wine was in fact wine and the juice be... Too many Biblical references warning against excessive use of alcohol i was offered various by! Says that wine that does not require anyone tarrying more than that the! Of them miracles purpose isnt to make a point about drinking alcohol then... And bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine when Ham looks at the wine bread! Alcohol which causes Pliny to marvel at how wine could ever freeze of winemaking for... Whoever loves pleasure will become poor ; whoever is led astray by alcohol content of wine in biblical times is not even considered an alcoholic was!
alcohol content of wine in biblical times
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