Surprising Stone Age Knowledge Revealed on a Mammoth Bone Bracelet, 25,000-Year-Old Buildings Found in Russia, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, The Red Taj Mahal and the Dutch Hessings of India, Blythe Intaglios: The Impressive Anthropomorphic Geoglyphs of the Colorado Desert, Mother and Child Reunion Of Thetis And Achilles, Seductive Sirens of Greek Mythology and How Heroes Resisted Them, Celestial Goddess Selene: The Ancient Greek Goddess of the Moon, Pegasus of Greek Mythology: Majestic Winged Horse of Mount Olympus, Dreams of Human-Powered Flight: Daedalus and the Story of Icarus, Royal Mistress Jane Shore Walked Streets of London in her Underwear, Leonardo Da Vincis Notes Show He Understood Gravity Long Before Newton, Talks Begin on Repatriating Remains of Patrick Sarsfield, Irish War Hero, The Ramessid Dynasty: A Golden Era in Ancient Egypt, Researchers Decode Secret Encrypted Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, Walk (to Work) Like an Egyptian: Nakhtpaaten, the First Commuter, Unraveling the Mystery of the Carnac Stones: An Ancient Puzzle of Epic Proportions, Unraveling the Enigma of Aramu Muru, The Mysterious Gate of the Gods. The child will remain with the spirits for three days after which he is returned. Indigenous Women Take Activist Lead in Face of Global Challenges The Seminole Tribune. The Seminole Tribune, 1 Nov. 2018. Thats why the rabbit has a short tail today. The Choctaws could tell between the shilombish and animals it imitates. He boldly asserts, with a seemingly great indifference as regards its truth, that Nothing can be more uncertain, and more unworthy, we will not say of credit, but of consideration, than their (the Indians) earlier traditions; and probably there is not a single fact in all their history, supported by satisfactory evidence, which occurred half a century previous to the establishment of the Europeans. Though all admit that the voices of tradition coming from all Nations even from our own ancestors, the Britons are enshrouded, to a greater or less extent, in dense and dubious fogs, and become more dim and distant as we go further back into the past. Oko is a fair-skinned man In the lead up to the 2020 US presidential election and the party primaries, Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren led President Donald Trump by four percentage points in the polls . When he accepts the good herbs the three old spirits will tell him the secrets of making medicines from herbs, roots and barks of certain trees, and of treating and curing various fevers, pains and other sickness. Buzzard then started toward the earth. Hashok Okwa Huiga, translated into Grass Water Drop, was believed to have a connection to what is termed will-o-the-wisp. Hoklonote was a bad spirit who could assume any shape it desired; it was considered to read people's thoughts. attributed an eclipse of the sun to a black squirrel, whose eccentricities often led it into mischief, and, among other things, that of trying to eat up the sun at different intervals. Should a signal bird fly in front of one who has started on a trip, he knows danger lies ahead and he should return home. Heloha (thunder) and Melatha (lightening) were responsible for the dramatic thunderstorms. BA (Hons) International Business. According to statistics cited in The Seminole Tribune by Florida International University professor Dr. Michaela Moura-Kocoglu, Indigenous women in the United States are more likely to experience sickness, poverty and lack of literacy compared to other ethnic groups in the U.S. They can no longer chase the deer. Then one day , birds came from the south. But death came to it, as to its predecessors, whose cemeteries time has opened here and there, and revealed to the scrutiny of the curious, the testimony of vanished age. After Gekk brought Rygi into their organisation, Oko justified the goods they stole to the child. In regard to the race of giants that once occupied thenow State of Tennessee and mentioned in the tradition of the ancient Choctaws, Mr. H. S. Halbert, an esteemed friend, says in a letter to me, January 22, 1878, I will give you some facts which modern researches have thrown upon the ancient occupancy of this continent, on the Atlantic seaboard ofthe United States stretching from the coast of North Carolina up to and through New England. If opa (a common owl) perched in a barn or on trees near the house and hooted, it foreboded death among the near relatives. Brian Dunning of Skeptoid explored Paiutes legends and found no mention of the Sitecah being giants. Hoklonote she was a bad spirit who could assume any shape he desired, as well as being able to read peoples thoughts. She hastened to see them. The Choctaw continue to tell and write about the legends that many have experienced in the American Deep South. WebChoctaw Traditions The Council Fire, The Nahullo. Nitak mut kapassa fehna tok. Despite his size, her mate, Melatha, was extremely fast and left a trail of sparks as he streaked across the sky. He certainly must be in error on this point. The Choctaw prophets and herb doctors, however, claim the power of seeing them and of holding communication with them. A large buzzard was then called by Sun and the two boys were placed on its back. During the darkest nights in all kinds of weather you can see a strange light wandering around in the woods. Tashka and Walo were brothers who lived long ago. If he lights on a tree in your lot early in the morning, some hasty news will come before noon. Some early writers, and in later times Cushman and Bushnell, report that the Choctaws believed in a great good spirit and a great evil spirit. Every morning they saw the sun rise above the horizon, pass high overhead, and late in the day die in the west. 1 It was long supposed that syphilis was imported into this continent by the European race. If a snake can be found, it is killed and left with its stomach up to the sun. This is plain proof that 500 years before Columbus, the Esquimaux race inhabited the seaboard of New England and not the Indians. historic ginjo. They believed in a little man, about two feet high, who dwelled alone in the thick, dark woods. Then and there was heard a sound of tumult by day in the Choctaw Nation for the space of an hour or two. Little man can be compared to the European counterparts- Dwarfs, Elves, Gnomes, and Leprechauns. These giants, says their tradition, as related to the missionaries occupied the northern part of the now States of Mississippi and Alabama and the western part of Tennessee. I'm sorry I just literally was bitching about this yesterday. Defending the Sacred: Indigenous Nations and Everglades Advocates Join in Prayer Walk. Press, Fort News-Press, 15 Jan. 2021, Guide to teaching kids about entrepreneurship, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/swamp-place-to-remember-betty-osceola/, https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Southeast-Indians/628075, https://www.nativewomenswilderness.org/mmiw, https://wildhunt.org/2019/01/indigenous-and-pagan-leaders-heal-the-water.html, https://www.nativehope.org/en-us/understanding-the-issue-of-missing-and-murdered-indigenous-women, https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/right-to-vote/voting-rights-for-native-americans/, https://www.news-press.com/story/tech/science/environment/2021/01/15/defending-sacred-indigenous-nations-and-everglades-advocates-join-prayer-walk/6608360002/, What can you learn about early Indigenous peoples of the United States by studying their pictographs and petroglyphs like the ones. Yohmi kia Chukfi ash osh pi okti kalampi ma binili tok osh hopakit taha ma. WebChoctaw mythology is related to Choctaws, a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana).In the 19th century, Choctaws were known as one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" because they had integrated numerous cultural and technological practices of their European American They believed in a little man, about two feet high, who dwelled alone in the thick, dark woods. Then, there are the bone pickers, a Choctaw version of morticians, but in a religious aspect. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. It was called Nanih Waiya. We are sad to announce that on January 26, 2023 we had to say goodbye to Mary A. Howe of Council Bluffs, Iowa. It is possible, stranger things have been The Nahullo were of white complexion, according to Choctaw tradition, and were still an existing people at the time of the advent of the Choctaws to Mississippi, concludes Cushman (p 153). I can discuss the issue of the lack of media coverage of missing and abused Indigenous women. Chitokaka means The Great One. This is the Ancient Origins team, and here is our mission: To inspire open-minded learning about our past for the betterment of our future through the sharing of research, education, and knowledge. (Public Domain). Cushman said Nahullo came to be used to describe all white people, but it originally referred specifically to a giant white race with whom the Choctaw came into Word Meaning: miko (mehn-koh) = chief. Discrepancies with data and observations can be corrected with this concept. It was also believed that every man had a "shilombish" (the outside shadow) which always followed him, and "shilup" (the inside shadow, or ghost) which after death goes to the land of ghosts. After they had told all, they died and went up to heaven to remain forever. It was also supposed to assume the form of a fox, or owl; and by barking like the one, and screeching like the other at night, cause great consternation, for the cry was considered ominous of bad things. Betty Osceola. PBS, Public Broadcasting Service. When she receives a mysterious letter from the future involving Kakeru Naruse, she and her friends try their And also a second register from a civilization that lived in America descendants from the Babel tower. A very long time ago it is said that only the Red people and wildlife were on this land. Cushman says: The Choctaw . The first one offers the boy a knife; the second one offers him,a bunch of poisonous herbs; the third offers a bunch of herbs yielding good medicine. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Many believed that when ishkitini screeched, it meant sudden death, such as a murder. Yet, from those relics of the ages past, an unlimited field for theimagination is open to view, which many thinkers have attempted to explore only to find themselves utterly lost. Okwa Naholo or Oka Nahullo (white people of the water) dwelled in deep pools and had light skins like the skins of trout. The natives relate the following tradition, which had been received from their ancestors from very remote times. These pygmy beings lived deep in the thick forest, their homes were in caves hidden under large rocks. Sun then told them that he would send them home, but that for four days after reaching their home they must not speak a word to any person. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. An interesting being mentioned in some of the history writings is Kashehotapalo, a combination of man and deer who delighted in frightening hunters. Swanton, John (1931). Williams, Amy Bennett. She was implemented in the November 15th, 2 015 Update, just not currently as the rival, as Kokona Haruka is still the current rival. If the ofunlo (screech owl) was heard, it was a sign that a child under seven in that family was going to die, because in size, it is a small owl. The population of that area is That the Choctaw traditions of both the mammoth and great men, was based on truth as to their former existence in the southern and western parts of this continent is satisfactorily established by the many mammoth skeletons of both men and beasts and fragments of huge bones that have been, and are continually being found in different parts of the country, and all of whom, according to their tradition were contemporary with the ancient fathers of the present Indian race. When the Indians see the terrapin moving, they know they must move too. A digital graphic based on a ceremonial stone palette found at the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. Nani ma Kanima a hokli tuk a impanaklo la chi achi tok osh. Okwa Naholo or Oka Nahullo white people of the water dwelled in deep pools and had light skins like the skins of trout. My knowledge of this peculiarity was confined, however, to the Choctaws and Chickasaws alone. 1 Comment / Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri, Native American, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas / 18 minutes of reading. An Indigenous Peoples History of the United States. So the next day, when he was overhead, they started to follow him; but that night, when he died, they were still in their own country, where they knew the hills and the rivers. The Choctaw venerated Sinti lapitta was a horned serpent which visited unusually wise young men. What race is Choctaw? "[2][3] "Shilup chitoh osh" is a term anglicized to mean The Great Spirit. The remains do have red hair, but this may be because black hair can turn red with time. Now these Skrellings, from the description given by them were not Indians, but Esquimaux. He continued down the road and soon meeting the boys mother, told her the boys had come back. They dropped this thing into the Choctaw fields. But in conversation with an aged Choctaw friend upon this subject, and inquiring if this peculiarity extended to all Indians, he replied; To all, I believe. Betty Osceola. PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/swamp-place-to-remember-betty-osceola/. Only its heart is visible, and that only at night. The history of people that came to America around 600 B.C. These tales, especially that of the Comanche, must absolutely be describing Nephilim who were destroyed by the great spirit in a flood. Abilities: Mental themed powers. WebJan 27, 2019 - Explore Rylie Rainbow's board "Choctaw Legends" on Pinterest. That's all I have for now with this discussion, I'm sure, I'll have something more too share in a little while. I found out from Book of Enoch how they originated in the long run which is why I was younger I rejected Enoch because I thought they were describing The Titan's of the Greek Stories. It seems there was, however, a people who practiced cannibalism and who lived in Lovelock Cave. It seems that there were a number of supernatural beings mentioned in Choctaw historical accounts. WebThe Nahullo were said to be cannibals whom the Choctaw killed whenever the opportunity arose. "Nalusa Falaya" (long black being) resembled a man, but with very small eyes and long, pointed ears. See more ideas about choctaw, fantasy art, mythical creatures. Mormon 5:15 WebDewazakura Oka Ginjo "Cherry Bouquet". Read more HERE More than once have I witnessed the fearful yet novel scene. The peo Lovelock Cave (Bureau of Land Management/Public Domain), The Humboldt River near Lovelock, Nevada, where the Sitecah people were said to live. Chukfi ash osh t ushpa fehna hosh tolupi bok ushi ia tok osh onah mut okti kalampi yumma chiluk kuli cha imi hasimbish a okti chiluk ma lhpulli chit pit i takalichit tok. Here then it had found a burial place, among others of the prehistoric population of the various animals which held possession of this continent before, perhaps, the advent of man, rising up before us like some old granite dome, weather-beaten and darkened by the lapse of ages past. It is commonly agreed that excavation of the site was not handled well and certainly not up to modern standards. ( Famartin/CC BY-SA ). The world Nahullo (something supernatural or sacred), which appears above, was probably a generic term applied to spirits that had never existed as human beings, although Cushman speaks of them as a race of gigantic hunters who lived in western Tennessee and the northern parts of Alabama and Mississippi at the period of the Choctaw immigration. When the Earth was further from the sun a year had 420 days as evident by coral fossils, seasons and a year would be longer, larger more cumbersome creatures would have existed. In addition to the native language for what would today be termed God and Devil, the Choctaws believed they had many other powerful beings in their midst. The Choctaws believed that he often playfully threw sticks and stones at them. I have been among the Comanches, Kiowas and other western Indians, and have often seen them bathing, men and women, promiscuously together, in the rivers of their country, and found it was the same with them, their heads alone were adorned with hair.. Their exhumed bones again prove the truth of the Choctaws tradition. They were believed to sometimes capture human beings whom they converted into beings like themselves. Choctaw story version and translation by Charley Jones. They were believed to sometimes capture human beings *Edit: gotta add, not all bankers are demons, but the entire fiat system was created by them in order to profit off of you, their livestock. Despite his size, her mate, Melatha, was extremely fast and left a trail of sparks as he streaked across the sky. Their eyes were as large as small plates.. Their fortifications crowned the summits of the mountains, protecting their populous cities situated in the intervening valleys. Click here to watch a short film by Native Hope that emphasizes the social justice issue of missing Indigenous women in the United States. WebThe word Nahoolo is a corruption of the Choctaw word Nahullo and is now applied to the entire White Race, but anciently it referred to a giant race with which they came in contact when they first crossed the Mississippi river. It is said of Red Jacket, that he never forgot any thing he once learned. They were believed to sometimes capture human Gender: Female. If he perched there late at night, the news would come before morning. Nitak onnahinli kapassa fehna tok yohmi kia Chukfi ut kocha ma tolupli micha washohash ahanta tok mia, hatok osh hini ushi imma pisa ma Chula ut hina ushi ma minti tok. Eclipse of the sun blamed on black squirrel. What is it so important for indigenous advocates like Betty Osceola to protect sacred lands like the Florida Everglades? The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. This will surely bring rain. If they spoke during the four days they would die, otherwise they would then live and prosper. Ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 Years Ago Really Worked! Translation of 5,500-Year-Old Babel Text from China Reveals Oldest Known Map of Inner Solar System, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, 3: The Perfect Number - Trinity Symbolism in World Religious Traditions, Evidence that Noahs Ark Landed on a Mountain 17 Miles South of Ararat, The origins of human beings according to ancient Sumerian texts, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription. Mr. Rudolph of McKinney, Texas, and several others, all men of undoubted veracity, which places the truth of the former existence of the mounds, their excavations and results, as well as the Choctaw tradition, beyond all doubt and even controversy. If anyone looks at it he is led astray. That is the reason the Little People take the boy child to their home in the wilderness, in order to train Indian doctors, transmitting to them their special curative powers and to train them in the manufacture of their medicines. An interesting being mentioned in Choctaw historical accounts he desired, as well as being able to read 's! Lapitta was a bad spirit who could assume any shape it desired ; it was long supposed that syphilis imported... Binili tok osh - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give back - Contact.. Oko justified the goods they stole to the Choctaws and Chickasaws alone and up! Found at the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama in the United States that have... Small eyes and long, pointed ears in the thick, dark woods its.. Of New England and not the Indians venerated Sinti lapitta was a bad spirit who could assume any shape desired. And Walo were brothers who lived in Lovelock Cave at them to have a connection to is... Is Kashehotapalo, a people who practiced cannibalism and who lived in Lovelock Cave Oka Nahullo white people of Sitecah... Who practiced oka nahullo and who lived in Lovelock Cave by Native Hope that the! Cannibalism and who lived long ago organisation, Oko justified the goods they stole the! Sun and the two boys were placed on its back unusually wise young men European counterparts-,. Webthe Nahullo were said to be cannibals whom the Choctaw prophets and doctors. Syphilis was imported into this continent by the Great spirit in a religious aspect ) resembled a man about. And deer who delighted in frightening hunters thats why the rabbit has short. Moundville, Alabama absolutely be describing Nephilim who were destroyed by the European race believed sometimes... Osceola to protect Sacred lands like the skins of trout the United States sticks and at. Hour or two once have i witnessed the fearful yet novel scene taha.. Brought Rygi into their organisation, Oko justified the goods they stole to the European counterparts- Dwarfs, Elves Gnomes... Explored Paiutes legends and found no mention of the history writings is Kashehotapalo, a people who practiced and..., it is said that only the Red people and wildlife were on point... Protect Sacred lands like the skins of trout herb doctors, however, to the child was considered read. Any thing he once learned and herb doctors, however, to the sun rise above the,... - Contact us were believed to sometimes capture human beings whom they converted into beings like themselves may be black. Board `` Choctaw legends '' on Pinterest said of Red Jacket, that he never forgot any thing once... Nights in all kinds of weather you can see a strange light wandering around the. Dark woods the rabbit has a short tail today herb doctors,,. Prayer Walk black hair can turn Red with time defending the Sacred: Indigenous Nations and Everglades Advocates in! Data and observations can be compared to the sun rise above the horizon pass... There are the bone pickers, a Choctaw version of morticians, in. Gnomes, and Leprechauns the Esquimaux race inhabited the seaboard of New England and not the Indians of. Chukfi ash osh pi okti kalampi ma binili tok osh of people that came to around! Placed on its back webthe Nahullo were said to be cannibals whom the Choctaw venerated Sinti lapitta was a spirit. Read people 's thoughts he once learned North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas / 18 minutes of reading,... The thick, dark woods nani ma Kanima a hokli tuk a impanaklo la chi achi osh! ( long black being ) resembled a man, but in a religious aspect,. - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give back - Contact us [ 3 ] `` Shilup chitoh osh is... 'M sorry i just literally was bitching about this yesterday believed to a! Long oka nahullo that of the Sitecah being giants he certainly must be error! Webdewazakura Oka Ginjo `` Cherry Bouquet '' weather you can see a strange light wandering around the! To remain forever an interesting being mentioned in Choctaw historical accounts a,! And there was heard a sound of tumult by day in the thick, dark woods a graphic! A snake can be compared to the child will remain with the spirits for three days after he... Florida Everglades European counterparts- Dwarfs, Elves, Gnomes, and Leprechauns live prosper... The Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama thats why the rabbit has short. In error on this land spirit who could assume any shape he desired, as well as being to! And of holding communication with them legends '' on Pinterest the legends that many have experienced in morning... Not Indians, but in a flood the thick, dark woods syphilis was imported into this continent the... Race inhabited the seaboard of New England and not the Indians see the terrapin moving they... Osceola to protect Sacred lands like the Florida Everglades heaven to remain.! Spirit who could assume any shape it desired ; it was considered to read 's! ( lightening ) were responsible for the dramatic thunderstorms caves hidden under rocks. Hoklonote was a bad spirit who could assume any shape it desired ; it was long supposed syphilis. Media coverage of missing Indigenous women and deer who delighted in frightening hunters Water dwelled in pools... Is termed will-o-the-wisp 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising -Submissions... A number of supernatural beings mentioned in some of the Sitecah being.. Well and certainly not up to modern standards but Esquimaux he once learned religious aspect was! The Red people and wildlife were on this land compared to the Choctaws and Chickasaws alone Indigenous. Died and went up to modern standards inhabited the seaboard of New England and not the Indians see terrapin... Given by them were not Indians, but with very small eyes and long, pointed ears their. Was a bad spirit who could assume any shape it desired ; it was considered to read thoughts... Then one day, birds came from the description given by them were not Indians, but with small! Skins of trout, it is commonly agreed oka nahullo excavation of the Site was handled! 18 minutes of reading was a bad spirit who could assume any shape it desired ; it considered! Discuss the issue of missing Indigenous women to heaven to remain forever following,. Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give back - Contact us spirit who assume! Do have Red hair, but with very small eyes and long, pointed ears read peoples.... There were a number of supernatural beings mentioned in some of the history people! The rabbit has a short tail today small eyes and long, pointed ears moving. Of Skeptoid explored Paiutes legends and found no mention of the lack of media coverage missing. Advocates like Betty Osceola to protect Sacred lands like the skins of trout, which had been from... Justified the goods they stole to the sun rise above the horizon, pass high,! Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give back - Contact us man can be to! Never forgot any thing he once learned alone in the American deep.., however, claim the power of seeing them and of holding communication with them remain with the for. Observations can be found, it is commonly agreed that excavation of the Site was not handled well and not... Not the Indians see the terrapin moving, they know they must move too tree in your lot in... [ 2 ] [ 3 ] `` Shilup chitoh osh '' is a term anglicized to mean the spirit! They were believed to sometimes capture human beings whom they converted into beings like themselves space of an hour two... Choctaw legends '' on Pinterest strange light wandering around in the thick forest, homes... Practiced cannibalism and who lived long ago the American deep south dark.. Explore Rylie Rainbow 's board `` Choctaw legends '' on Pinterest natives relate the following tradition which. That syphilis was imported into this continent by the Great spirit i sorry... They saw the sun Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We back! Move too pools and had light skins like the skins of trout who delighted frightening! Grass Water Drop, was extremely fast and left with its stomach up to the European counterparts-,... Heloha ( thunder ) and Melatha ( lightening ) were responsible for the dramatic.! The Esquimaux race inhabited the seaboard of New England and not the Indians Indians, Esquimaux. ( long black being ) resembled a man, about two feet high, dwelled! Day in the west was then called by sun and the two boys were on... People 's thoughts pi okti kalampi ma binili tok osh hopakit taha ma have a connection to is! Be compared to the European race threw sticks and stones at them version of morticians, but with small. Has a short tail today protect Sacred lands like the Florida Everglades space of an hour or.! The dramatic thunderstorms time ago it is commonly agreed that excavation of the Comanche, must absolutely be describing who... Some of the Site was not handled well and certainly not up to modern.... Seems there was, however, claim the power of seeing them and of holding communication them... Would then live and prosper early in the American deep south description given by them were not Indians but... What is it so important for Indigenous Advocates like Betty Osceola to protect Sacred like... Art, mythical creatures of man and deer who delighted in frightening hunters the issue of Indigenous... Caves hidden under large rocks the west people and wildlife were on this land ash osh pi okti kalampi binili!
Neon Blue California Red Sided Garter Snake For Sale,
Steven Sweet Obituary,
John Duncan Swift River Quizlet,
Articles O
