In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. In 1621, however, Parliament reconvened in order to vote funds to aid Frederick V of Bohemia (15961632). The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. Here Puritan In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. During her brief five-year reign, nearly three hundred people were burned at the stake. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. Cao Cao By the late 1640s, the Catalans had tired of French rule, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. One of the major differences involved a new interpretation of communion, a Christian religious ceremony in which bread and wine are changed, respectively, into the body and blood of Jesus of Nazareth, also called Christ. Prince Henry the Navigator (13941460), a son of John I, founded a nautical school at Sagres, where he gathered the world' best navigators, mapmakers, geographers, and astronomers. In 1150 a new group of Berber conquerors, the Almohades, came to Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. In 1282 Sicily had been placed under the rule of Peter of Aragon, a member of a royal family in the Aragon region of Spain. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. Catherine of Aragon died a natural death in the same year. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that France and Germany were both once part of what feudal Kingdom? Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. For instance, the English playwright William Shakespeare (15641616) produced some of the world's greatest masterpieces by drawing upon ancient history and humanism for his plots and characters. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). limit their power. Henry declined to join the French effort. Spanish hold on far-flung territory that was eight times the size of Castile and held one-fifth of the world's population. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. The ships did not set sail again until July. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. But the discovery of a Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. 15281576). The events in Bohemia became part of the Thirty Years' War (161848), a complex conflict that was taking place in the Holy Roman Empire over several social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. Most reforms took place in Castile, the larger and stronger of the two kingdoms. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. . In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity Edward's sister, Mary Tudor, would restore the Catholic faith because she had always been a Catholic. About one hundred thousand fled to Portugal, but they were soon driven out because Portugal had entered into an alliance with Spain. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . Frederick was expecting James to help him stay on the throne, but James had tried to remain outside the conflict. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). James also had to contend with religious unrest. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. Egypt, one of the most powerful and stylish civilizations in the world's history joins the fray in Rise of Kingdoms: THE EGYPTIANSPowerful, intelligent, strategic, and undoubtedly sophisticated, well known for their amazing craftsmanship ranging from the great pyramids and statues to innovative weapons and . These lords were constantly fighting among themselves. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. In 1071 Muslim Turks had seized Jerusalemthe center of the Holy Land and a city considered sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christianswhen they conquered the Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, Turkey). Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. You can also join with your friends to an alliance and thus have more strength of map control. Yet the Jews found Berber conquests even more threatening. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. During his reign classical learning continued to dominate education and literature. John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). At the time, there were several factors which prevented the restoration of the empire as it had been in the 18th century, notably the rise of larger, more consolidated kingdoms in Germany, such as Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, as well as Prussia's interest in becoming a great power in Europe (rather than continue being a vassal to the . Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. Jews were forbidden to take most of their possessions with them if they chose to leave the country. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. Philip the Fair was followed by three sons, each of whom reigned only briefly and left no direct male heirs. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. (A pagan is a person who has no religious beliefs or worships more than one god; in this case, anyone who was not a Christian.) Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. The French effort collapsed in 1528. The Capetians gradually extended their control over the duchies of In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. Many of the Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). Although aware of Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. At the age of thirteen, Francis left his mother's household to reside at the French court, where courtiers referred to him as the dauphin. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. He reached the continent in November. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: Apr 15th 2021 France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain After winning several major battles, the Moors conquered the Visigoth capital of Toledo in 712 and soon pushed the Germanic lords and their armies into the northern frontiers of Spain. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. Learn more. After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). The Portuguese monarchy had also asked the pope to recognize Portugal's authority over its discoveries in Africa. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. Diverse people lived within the territories. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. Long years of fighting Habsburg wars in central Europe had depleted the Spanish treasury, despite gold and silver shipments from the New World. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on investing money and earning profits from business ventures. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). They were usually connected with the Gym nasia, or schools for wrestling, and other exercises , and consisted of different apartments, generally separated from each other, and intermixed with other places of BAT 39 exercise ; so that it is probable they were adapted to the nature of the school of exercise to which they were joined. Only eight Portuguese were killed. He was instructed in religion by Richard Cox (c. 15001592), later the bishop of Ely. She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. Some Jews, called Marranos, pretended to convert while secretly practicing Judaism (the Jewish religion). Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. Eager to respond to reasonable requests, James called the Hampton Court Conference of 1604. North and South America were later named for Vespucci. Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. In 1512 he invaded the kingdom of Navarre and incorporated it into Aragon. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. They had arrived on the peninsula by a.d. 300, becoming both urban and rural dwellers. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Queen started the Spanish ships broke up on the very day of 's... 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