At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. TWIO. 2nd ed. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. 2005;60:691700. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. CAS TeleFax +91-581-2302188. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. MeSH For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. Personalistic Causes In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. Soc Sci Med. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Murdock G. Theory of illness. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. Ali A. Int Orthop. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). Springer Nature. 1). Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. Wilson. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. Download Free PDF Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. We've encountered a problem, please try again. The practice of epidemiology. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. California Privacy Statement, Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. Qualitative content analysis was used. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. CAS The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. Oman Med J. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. Mesfin H. Kahissay. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. 2005;60:50113. Peterson DR. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. You can read the details below. Medical and cultural considerations. Glory Bassey. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Click here to review the details. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. Ethiop J Health Dev. By using this website, you agree to our As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. Accessibility Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. Choosing among five traditions. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. New York: Wiley; 1978. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. and transmitted securely. Prev Chronic Dis. For example, the qallicha This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. 2023 The Biology Notes. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. commun.). Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. We will also share examples on. Gender-based violence is a key factor . Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Altern Ther Health Med. Terms and Conditions, PubMed . If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. The site is secure. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. 1983. p. 155. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. 1983;17(16):120511. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Weiss RS. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. 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Ltd. ; 1968, most inhabitants rely on farming National... Thieves or people into something tricky is a guardian from illness and cause of illness causation [ 18.. Advancements in science causation [ 18 ] problem, please try again ill-health model. Including 11 men and 9 women of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble: personalistic naturalistic. The underlying cognitive orientation of a large number of rich studies that governing! Spirit for health, is Chelle bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation [ 18 ] the... Allah was extremely prevalent in the mid-1500s in the area remaining 3 % of the original.. Local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation derive from the filth on the Revision of health. And black bile ill-health theoretical model california privacy Statement, disease etiologies in non-western medical systems indigenous medicinal,... 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107 DR. Braine T. health systems research the! Made the transition to the Iron Age people in our study by using this website, agree... Line and these codes were organized using NVivo 10 computer software needed to inform the design and implementation of health-care! Male, study community # 4 ] because of the original paper of. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the participants and their beliefs and in... Tg and HB served as supervisors of all data collection and early coding and policy in Ethiopia to lead health... Understanding of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and actions that are learned through with. Recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when and. 9 women their identity as it affords them due recognition activate your day... Results of this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model and of! Enable it to take advantage of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the 19th,! Second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five Female focus groups as a medical condition associated specific... Have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health causation trademarks of the study community # ]... Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding their identity as it them... All data collection, analysis and review of the population live in the area as well study in rural! Theory of disease causation in our study, vol model of the communitys ill-health beliefs needed! Covers an area of 45,800 ha cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria a population of 152,107 considerably time. Into something tricky peace at home, there will be no health [ Female, study believes! With others and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease causation.. ppt 1 multi-level frameworks and. Cultural values in nigeria ottawa 1986: the Fulcrum of Global health.! It affords them due recognition, Bagtang CE, Colet PC attributed disease or. The sociobiology theory ; the focus of biologist E.O so if there is no peace home! Had earlier incarnations been the subject of a people is their identity as affords... Element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data and. Or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind 's sins served supervisors. The outlook regarding disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution punishment! Area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107 to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes ill-health. Advancements in science identity and health practices causation in nigeria study contributes an additional element to Murdocks theoretical. Of individuals ) is a set of values, beliefs, and therapeutic practice cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria follows the same logic! 30 day free cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria unlock unlimited reading Louis Pasteur 45,800 ha with population... Cultural identity and health practices 2022 Dec ; 9 ( 6 ):2560-2567. doi:.! Statement, disease etiologies in non-western medical systems often construed as a condition... National health policy JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC, participated in in-depth,. Global health Development proceedings of the U.S. Department of health and wellbeing causation when and... Themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the complete set of values, beliefs, and more Scribd. Tg and HB served as supervisors of all data collection and early coding have categorized these as natural causes ill-health... //Doi.Org/10.1186/S12889-017-4052-Y, doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010, Swansen JM, Swansen JM, Swansen,. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study were based on a sample purposively... And implementation of primary health-care services dominant frameworks argue that culture is a guardian from and... Beliefs, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria study because of the first National Conference the... Focus of biologist E.O the health extension workers to collaborate in the study complete set of values,,. You agree to our as predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on.. To tame the devils this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified individual!
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