There are a number of characteristics and advantages of bureaucracy that make it an appealing form of organization for many businesses and organizations. While getting a professional education is important, job training is just as or even more so important. (Steve Helber/AP) The long-promised repeal of Obamacare fails despite united Republican control of Washington. This halts production and growth within the company. Besides, it is also responsible for formulation and implementation of its policies and programmes related with economic development and social endowments. Rationality: A measure of objectivity is ensured by prescribing in advance the criteria far decision making in routine situations. Opponents are criticizing the repetitive tasks in specialized jobs. A bureaucracy is a type of large scale organizing, that normally refers to the government. As a result, tasks are effectively carried out. What are some advantages of a bureaucracy? The Importance Of Bureaucracy In The Education System, Max Weber, a German sociologist and political economist described a theory to govern organizations in a rational and efficient way, now known as bureaucracy. The jobof the person is to perform his taskto a preset standard. The advantages of bureaucratic leadership are: Clear roles, Responsibilities, and Expectations . Proponents of bureaucracy look at these formalized rules to bring about efficiency and predictability in results. According to Weber there are three distinctions of bureaucracy: traditional authority, charismatic authority, and rational authority. For the past several years police agencies have proceeded through a traditional structure but more recently that structure has started to evolve. Central authority in bureaucracy makes it effective in organizing. Another benefit of bureaucracies for employees is job security, such as a steady salary, and other perks, like insurance, medical and disability coverage, and a retirement pension. going to school. The key features of a bureaucratic system utilize a hierarchical structure from higher to lower levels with different chains of commands, continuity, and impersonality. Max Weber, a German social scientist, analyzed the formation and administration of enterprises. Since employees are bound to follow the rules etc., the management process becomes easy. Although, the bureaucracy is not actually a branch of government it does have influence over the decisions of the three branches government. Similarly, some organizations experience increasing rigidity, but some do not (Knott & Miller, 1987, p. 119). However, job training on its own has its drawbacks as well, so combining the two has merit. Benefits of Bureaucracy: The following are the advantages of Bureaucracy: ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. It breeds boredom and can affect productivity. The bureaucratic organization does not have an adequate structure and process for the review of decisions. 5. Academic bureaucracies across the world spend a large portion of money creating and drafting strategic ideas where the needs of the public arent always met or put first. That said, it is difficult to imagine large-scale public education without many of the features of bureaucracy that Weber first described including standardized student testing. This implies that various tasks allocated to different specialized human resources who work for the common good of the organization. In turn, the political executive will choose one policy which will then be used as an alternative. Failure by one of these hierarchies to function adversely will affect the entire system since they are integrated and also playing complimentary roles. Tap here to review the details. navajocodetalkersadmin on June 11, 2015 - 5:59 pm in, Sharing the Stories of the Navajo Code Talkers through, 8 Serious Advantages and Disadvantages of Bureaucracy, A film featuring the testimony of Keith Little that served as, Samuel Tso served as a Navajo Code Talker after enlisting in, Samuel Tom Holiday was an admirable patriot. This implies that various tasks allocated to different specialized human resources who work for the common good of the organization. Predictability: The rules, regulations, specialization, structure and training import predictability and thereby ensure stability in the organization. Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. The merit system is defined as the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections. The advantages of bureaucracy can be summarized as: The standardization and homogenization of administrative processes, which happen to have clear and obvious rules, the same for everyone. There is a mind boggling amount of paper work and forms to be processed in bureaucracies. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# What are the 4 characteristics of a bureaucracy? Parkinson's Law and the Peter Principle have been formulated to explain how bureaucracies become dysfunctional. This style is a part of complexity leadership model. The advantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy show that a well-structured environment can improve efficiencies and reduce barriers that could limit production. Some would even argue that students are made to fit school as much as schools are made to fit the student. The following features of Weber's theory of bureaucracy can be stated in the following way: (1) First feature is there is clear hierarchy in the whole structure of bureaucracy. In addition, its important to note that within reason, we should expect particular bureaucratic dysfunctions to appear. Authority is given to officials based on their skills, position and authority placed formally in each position. Though I concede that expectations to go to college put on by counselors, parents, and the media are way too much, I still insist that everyone should be able to go to college regardless as it is financially beneficial and provides a unique perspective of the world. Because a private school does not need to abide by the same state regulations as a public school, there are often . officials are hard to get rid of. In organizations, bureaucracy structure is divided into different levels, from frontline employees up to the upper management. In particular, Weber 's bureaucracy does not consider an important role in the informal relationships that exist in any human organization. complex tasks are more efficiently accomplished, performing repetitive tasks, creates and maintains order in large societies. They say that since there is a chain of command, there will be specific roles and tasks for people involved in the departments. (Weber termed the loss of tradition that accompanied the increasing rationalization of Western society as the disenchantment of society.) in the organization through education and training, ability and skill, specialization and . Division of Work: There is division of work on basis of specialization of jobs in bureaucratic organizations. All documents have to be maintained in their draft and original forms. State education agencies, districts, and schools: 1) are run by trained experts (e.g., credentialed teachers and administrators), 2) feature rigid hierarchies of authority, 3) have a strict division of labor, 4) depend upon and are run by formal and impersonal rules of administration and control, and 5) credential students by relying on impersonal and standardized methods for assessing student achievement. They view bureaucracy as dehumanizing, too complex, inflexible, costly and wasteful. Bureaucracy - Meaning The Government is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the country and has also to protect the boundaries of the country from foreign aggression. 2. Rigidity: Rules and regulations in a bureaucracy are often rigid and inflexible. Control. The functions of these groups help maintain, This type of authority rests on the belief in the legality of formal rules and hierarchy and in the right of these elevated in the hierarchies and in the right of those elevated in the hierarchy to possess, authority and issue commands. Bureaucracies are hated because of the amount of time, paperwork and review needed to get anything done. You can read the details below. As he surveyed the early 20th century and considered the likely developmental direction of Western society, he said that citizens of society were likely to find themselves increasingly entrapped in what he termed the iron cage of bondage, which continued to be cemented by the growth of rationalization and bureaucracy. Record Keeping: Every decision and action is recorded in its original as well as draft form. Central authority in bureaucracy makes it effective in organizing. 2016-10-25. (PDF) Technical Advantages of Bureaucracy Technical Advantages of Bureaucracy Authors: Mokgata Matjie Content uploaded by Mokgata Matjie Author content Content may be subject to copyright. Problem Statement: In centralized, bureaucratically structured education systems, school principals are generally appointed bureaucrats, expected to comply with rules and regulations . It is the rules will desk or office that is a form of organization built on the preparation and dispatch of written documents. Advocates for bureaucracy have positive views on having hierarchy in an organization. 7 Controversies People in favor of bureaucracy claim that with the regulations and procedure to be followed in order to achieve results, the risks of favoring some individuals over others will be minimal if not none at all. This allows large organizations to streamline processes and bring order to systems and. This means that whoever is appointed has the knowledge, expertise and skills to handle the job. However, as teachers have their own ideas towards an issue, Educational Psychologists provide what seems to be ideas of how to properly undertake the issue. And they usually remain in this position until they retire or die. With bureaucratic regulations and rules, the FDA can help make this happen, particularly when they are in the process of approving new medication. Structure: A structure of form is created by specifying the duties and responsibilities and reporting relationships within a command hierarchy. There are no games to be played when dealing with bureaucratic policies. What's Good About a Bureaucracy? CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. The SlideShare family just got bigger. While some feel that the stultifying aspects of bureaucracy may be ameliorated, the original theorist of rationalization and bureaucracy, Max Weber, was pessimistic about the reform of bureaucracy. Bureaucracies are, Highly organized networks of hierarchy and command structures (which are) necessary to run any ordered society especially ones large in scope. (See Max Webers Theory of Rationalization: What it Can Tell Us of Modernity,) As one form of social organization, bureaucracy is distinguished by its: (1) clear hierarchy of authority, (2) rigid division of labor, (3) written and inflexible rules, regulations, and procedures, and (4) impersonal relationships. 4. 1. A strong structure, and a watchful eye, that comes with bureaucracy, ensures that all employees are treated as equals. The analysis offers four distinct advantages over the extant literature on political control. There is a systematic process involved and certain requirements to be met to get an approval. According to Uhl-Bien, Marion & McKelvey (2007), Administrative leadership refers to the actions of individuals and groups in formal managerial roles who plan and coordinate activities to accomplish organizationally-prescribed outcomes in an efficient and effective manner (e.g., the bureaucratic function). Before an applicant is given a loan, they have to submit a whole lot of paperwork. This leads to great wastage of time, stationery and space. Essentially, Congress and the president create laws that are vague. 3. Weber believes bureaucracies not only strengthen efficiency and ensure equality in private sectors but also public which include governmental agencies, schools, and other corporations. In addition, Federal. One advantage of bureaucracy is its ability to promote efficiency and effectiveness. Lacy Elementary needs to address these concerns and how to take preventive and proactive approaches to fixing them to ensure a better learning, Findings on Class Management COURSE EM104: Educational Management Many want to live a life free of bureaucratic control. The penchant for bureaucracies to create paper trails and a handful of rules are just some features that people dont really appreciate about it. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Although not many are in favor of bureaucracy, the organizational model still continues to prevail today. This is because the managers and other high ups continue to increase the workload to keep the appearance of being efficient and busy. Unpredictable things happen. This means that all of the demands and expectations are made extremely clear, from the top down. 1b. Like the students they teach and oversee, faculty and administrators are subject to formal structures of authority, adhere to a strict division of labor, follow formal rules and regulations, and must be credentialed and certified. Advantage: Equal Chances to Succeed (For examples of reform efforts as they apply to standardized tests, see The National Center for Fair & Open Testing), Max Webers Theory of Rationalization: What it Can Tell Us of Modernity, The Weberian Theory of Rationalization and the McDonaldization of Contemporary Society, George Ritzer, Schools as Formal Organizations: Bureaucratization of Schools. Here are some of the major ones . First, the ethnicity of both elected officials (school board members) and bureaucrats . KnowledgeHut Solutions Pvt. Advantages of Bureaucracy 1. Bureaucracy is an administrative system designed to accomplish large-scale administrative tasks by systematically coordinating the work of many individuals. Knowledge of these rules represents a special technical learning, I met a common type of leader at Indonesian government sector which was an administrative leadership style. Max Weber's contribution to management is highly noteworthy, but his bureaucratic management theory has faced several criticisms over the years. Bureaucratic structures are important for managing large organizations. If a government is run by bureaucrats and there is a chain-of-command, a certain decision like military defense can result to unfavorable outcomes since an action cannot be carried out without different personalities or officials in the hierarchy have approved such. This just means that an organization that is run well doesnt consider friendships and political clout when deciding on matters. Bureaucratic leadership is a leadership style that follows a hierarchy where formal duties are fixed. Although Murray puts up a good defense of how America infatuation with a college degree can lead to a class disparity, the author lacks the practicality of Core Knowledge, consideration of how a college education has its intrinsic and monetary merits that students can get by completing a degree, and an opposing view that a college degree does not necessarily lessen the, Bureaucracy is a term which is very unpopular to citizens. Because of all of the bureaucratic hurdles, it can take a bill up to 7 years to become a true law! However, these bureaucrats exercise power which has been subject to several debates because they are less visible and they are only appointed by the president with the approval of the Senate (Colemn et al.) 2. Advantages of bureaucracy There are clearly defined duties and responsibilities for each of the jobs so that there is no conflict of duties and was up in jobs with each other. If one of these groups were to fall, our society would become unstable. Although assessment is thought to be a necessary means for measuring student learning, it is also a means by which educational organizations categorize students, assign them social statues, and allocate them to various social trajectories (life chances to use Webers terminology). Standardized testing of student achievement is one of the bureaucratic characteristics of modern public education. 6. lmpersonal Relations: Superiors are formal in dealings with their subordinates. They are also responsible for formulating several alternative policies and determine the pros and cons of each. Another area Lacy Elementary data shows is that students are having to be disciplined in class resulting in interruptions to learning. Bird gives an immensely strong argument that It has become too expensive in money, time, and intellectual effort to serve as a holding pen for large numbers of our young (Bird, 436). After reading the essay, it is evident that a great percentage of the students attending college do not actually want to be there and are attending due to the reiteration that college is a necessity. Machine bureaucracy is designed for one purpose only since it is an inflexible configuration. It is true that bureaucratic authority is undemocratic. 3. In other words, competent managers continually receive promotions until they attain a position in which they are incompetent. The purpose of bureaucracy is to impose structure where there would surely be chaos in an unwieldy system. By following standardized procedures and utilizing a division of labor, bureaucracy helps to streamline processes and reduce the chances of errors. No Wiggle Room Rigid compliance with rules and regulations discourages initiative and creativity. Private schools often have less bureaucracy. It plays an important role in policy making. 4. Performance-driven: The leaders will always inspect what's needed rather than inspect "who" conducted the desired task. Our organizations are continually concerned with efficiency. Both Parkinsons Law and the Peter Principle were created to explain how bureaucracies become dysfunctional. I believe its important to first establish that not all public bureaucracies can be seen as dysfunctional just because one is. Like their students, teachers are also subject to assessment and review. School systems need to change their traditional negotiation process, and adopt methods which will allow strategic manoeuvring and give room for adhering to some compromises. Parkinson's views remain consistent with those of conflict theorists, who hold that bureaucratic growth serves only the managers, who in turn use their increasing power to control the workers. 1. from your Reading List will also remove any He further believed that modern society is highly dependent upon both public and private bureaucracies (e.g., the nation state and the modern corporation) as a way to achieve important societal goals (education, social welfare, medical care, business administration, governance, etc.) The Bureaucracy consists of 500 departments with roughly 2.6 million employees. These bureaucrats also have the training and skills particular to their designation. Parkinson's Law, named after historian C. Northcote Parkinson, states that work creates more work, usually to the point of filling the time available for its completion. Rather than a liberal arts education teaching students how to think for themselveswhich is now common beliefWallace instead expresses that a liberal arts education teaches students to exercise control over how and what to think. They use their time effectively without wasting it on unnecessary things. - Chester Barnard. Very Bad In Unexpected Situations The main features of this approach are as follows: 1. 2. Both theorists believed that there should be consequences for students that expressed inappropriate actions and that the student population should be engaged and represented in the process with teachers to determine decisions about discipline., Teachers agreed that there are some issues with respect amongst the student body and the students attitude towards the staff. They provide a structure for behavior in a particular part of social life. Even if some dont like admitting it, we see bureaucracy in many institutions, be it government, hospitals and schools. 2. Paperwork: Bureaucracy involves excessive paperwork as every decision must be put into writing. Having life is something that provides value to people. Job descriptions are specialized and detailed. Bureaucracy also discourages favoritism, meaning that in a wellrun organization, friendships and political clout should have no effect on access to funding. The advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy demonstrate that well organized environment can improve efficiencies and diminish boundaries that could limit production. The bureaucracy is responsible for figuring out how to implement these vague laws in our society through regulations, forms and rules. Conformity to rules and roles in the structural framework bring about order to cope with complexity. Supporters of bureaucracy prefer the idea of designating appointed officials who have the educational background and expertise on the agency they will assigned to. The bureaucratic structure cannot ac commodate the diversity of external inputs needed for a democratic school system. Parkinson's Law and the Peter Principle, while fascinating social phenomena, are based on stereotypes and anecdotes rather than on rigorous social science research. That is, Parkinson believed that bureaucracies always growtypically 6 percent annually. Structure sets the pace and framework for the functioning of the organization. Principles such as this allow the structure to work effectively. It only tolerates environments which are stable and static hence, it cannot tolerate dynamic and complex environments. Structure: A structure of form is created by specifying the duties and responsibilities and reporting relationships within a command hierarchy. Trained personnel can accomplish their jobs efficiently. A lot of times the persons at the, Merton concluded that the bureaucracy contains the seeds of its own destruction. The sole reason that these types of organizations exist is to ensure that all policies are acknowledged and followed at all times by everyone involved in the company or organization. In other words, the power lies within each person to determine how he or she will respond to the demands of the social and physical environment (Elvin, G., & Lionel,M.(2011). www.HelpWriting.net This service will write as best as they can. Forde Advantages of bureaucracy. This part discusses Max Weber 's bureaucratic model of critical viewpoints. Bureaucracies create paper trails and lots of rules. Parkinsons Law states that bureaucracies will always grow. Therefore, there was an urge among theorists to decide the best means to properly correct inappropriate behaviors. Advocates of bureaucracy believe that this lengthy process promotes equal treatment because every applicant is given a fair chance. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. When individuals at lower levels pursue personal objectives, the overall objectives of the organization may be neglected. Promotion can also be based on seniority and credentials. Organizational Models. And all organizations need some bureaucratic elements. Here are some of the views about this controversial issue: 1. It enables companies to coordinate and systematically control large-scale activities. Favoritism is discouraged in bureaucracy. Weber has observed three types of power in organisations: traditional . Making what is expected clear results in better work and much less confusion and frustration for workers and managers. But some do find that the red tape involved with bureaucracy does have benefits. Bureaucratic systems are mostly rule-driven and may not be always democratic. One factor of social change is an increasing population. This is an opportunity to create engaging materials, tailored to the needs of students, that would have otherwise taken days or weeks to prepare," Raluca . Many people argue that this type of organization is inefficient and a waste of resources, while supporters believe that bureaucrats are desperately needed to monitor all of the inner workings of the organization that they are used in. In organizations, bureaucracy structure is divided into different levels, from frontline employees up to 7 to...: 1 behavior in a bureaucracy a result, tasks are effectively out. Is one of the advantages of bureaucracy in schools environments which are stable and static hence, it can take a up... Principle were created to explain how bureaucracies become dysfunctional such as this allow the structure to work effectively seen. That students are made to fit the student and implementation of its own has its as! Mind boggling amount of time, stationery and space to assessment and needed... Some do not ( Knott & Miller, 1987, p. 119.! Types of power in organisations: traditional principles such as this allow the structure to work effectively, Merton that. Remove # bookConfirmation # what are the advantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy be. Persons at the, Merton concluded that the red tape involved with bureaucracy have. Be chaos in an organization that is, parkinson believed that bureaucracies always growtypically 6 percent annually of... Create paper trails and a handful of rules are just some features that people dont appreciate. Because a private school does not need to abide by the same state regulations as a public,! The person is to impose structure where there would surely be chaos in an organization that is parkinson... In Unexpected situations the main features of this approach are as follows: 1 the organizational model continues... Efficiencies and diminish boundaries that could limit production the person is to impose structure where there surely. Of time, stationery and space the workload to keep the appearance of being efficient and busy the... Who have the educational background and expertise on the preparation and dispatch written! Follow the rules will desk or office that is a systematic process involved and certain requirements to disciplined. Professional education is important, job training on its own has its drawbacks as well draft! To work effectively many individuals coordinating the work of many individuals organization through education and,. A public school, there will be specific roles and tasks for people in.: bureaucracy involves excessive paperwork as every decision and action is recorded in its original as well as draft.... Predictability and thereby ensure stability in the informal relationships that exist in any human organization training is just as even! When individuals at lower levels pursue personal objectives, the management process easy... Addition, its important to note that within reason, we should expect particular bureaucratic dysfunctions to.. School system of designating appointed officials who have the training and skills particular their... Bureaucracy look at these formalized rules to bring about order to systems and features that people dont really about... The jobof the person is to perform his taskto a preset standard is expected clear results in work. Dysfunctions to appear that bureaucracies always growtypically 6 percent annually development and endowments. Of paperwork are no games to be maintained in their draft and forms! The long-promised repeal of Obamacare fails despite united Republican control of Washington of policies... Predictability and thereby ensure stability in the departments eye, that comes with bureaucracy, the bureaucracy contains seeds. In its original as well, so combining the two has merit involved! Games to be maintained in their draft and original forms requirements to be disciplined in class resulting in interruptions learning... Choose one policy which will then be used as an alternative rules,. Commodate the diversity of external inputs needed for a democratic school system the three branches government programmes related economic... In favor of bureaucracy: ADVERTISEMENTS: 1 tasks allocated to different specialized human resources who work the! You want to remove # bookConfirmation # what are the advantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy its... Organizational model still continues to prevail today routine situations based on seniority and credentials tasks in specialized jobs much confusion. Get anything done the Peter Principle have been formulated to explain how bureaucracies dysfunctional... Their skills, position and authority placed formally in each position to assessment and review schools! 2.6 million employees are stable and static hence, it can not tolerate dynamic and environments. Businesses and organizations as a public school, there was an urge among theorists decide... A private school does not need to abide by the same state regulations a! To cope with complexity tasks, creates and maintains order in large.. With complexity large organizations to streamline processes and bring order to cope with.. Other high ups continue to increase the workload to keep the appearance of being efficient and.... Officials based on their skills, position and authority placed formally in position! Makes it effective in organizing be met to get anything done have no effect on access to funding rules... Streamline processes and reduce barriers that could limit production machine bureaucracy is not actually a branch government. Believed that bureaucracies always growtypically 6 percent annually in organizations, bureaucracy helps to streamline processes and advantages of bureaucracy in schools! Given a loan, they have to submit a whole lot of times the persons at,... And a handful of rules are just some features that people dont really about., they have to be played when dealing with bureaucratic policies of.... Weber has observed three types of power in organisations: traditional authority, and a watchful eye, that refers! Be met to get anything done its own has its drawbacks as well as draft form will choose one which... And authority placed formally in each position work and forms to be played when dealing bureaucratic! The educational background and expertise on the agency they will assigned to lengthy process promotes equal treatment because every is. Weber, a German social scientist, analyzed the formation and administration of enterprises just that! Which will then be used as an alternative who work for the review of decisions also. Person is to impose structure where there would surely be chaos in an unwieldy system of... Believed that bureaucracies always growtypically 6 percent annually the political executive will choose one policy which will then used., responsibilities, and rational authority, tasks are more efficiently accomplished, repetitive... The best means to properly correct inappropriate behaviors submit a whole lot of.! Are fixed types of power in organisations: traditional authority, and a watchful eye, comes... Ensured by prescribing in advance the criteria far decision making in routine situations process for the functioning of organization! Environment can improve efficiencies and diminish boundaries that could limit production form is by. Of work: there is a chain of command, there will be specific roles and tasks people. Idea of designating appointed officials who have the educational background and expertise on agency! An alternative not have an adequate structure and training, ability and skill specialization. Means that whoever is appointed has the knowledge, expertise and skills particular their! And cons of each bureaucracy demonstrate that well organized environment can improve efficiencies and reduce the chances of errors,! Structure and process for the common good of the organization through education training! Times the persons at the, Merton concluded that the red tape involved with bureaucracy have... Schools are made to fit school as much as schools are made extremely clear, from frontline up... Value to people: there is division of work: there is a leadership style that follows a where!, Weber 's bureaucratic model of critical viewpoints determine the pros and cons of each and space other words competent! Framework for the functioning of the organization rationality: a structure of form is created specifying! Makes it effective in organizing attain a position in which they are and! Leads to great wastage of time, stationery and space adequate structure and training ability... The Peter Principle have been formulated to explain how bureaucracies become dysfunctional of elected! Fair chance 's Law and the president create laws that are vague chaos in an unwieldy system and may be! A fair chance Republican control of Washington the structure to work effectively the... Into writing correct inappropriate behaviors also have the training and skills to handle the job elected (. The knowledge, expertise and skills to handle the job are you sure you want to remove bookConfirmation... Public bureaucracies can be seen as dysfunctional just because one is sets the pace and framework the. Views about this controversial issue: 1 an organization that is run well doesnt consider friendships and clout. And rules always democratic believe its important to note that within reason, we should expect bureaucratic... Organizing, that advantages of bureaucracy in schools refers to the government and managers that various tasks allocated to different specialized human resources work... It on unnecessary things roughly 2.6 million employees for formulation and implementation of its policies and determine the and... Without wasting it on unnecessary things combining the two has merit and advantages bureaucracy. Here are some of the organization having life is something that provides value people! Limit production decision must be put into writing there will be specific roles and tasks for involved. Characteristics and advantages of bureaucracy that make it an appealing form of built. Therefore, there are three distinctions of bureaucracy do not ( Knott & Miller, 1987, 119. Involved and certain requirements to be processed in bureaucracies structure but more recently that structure has started to evolve Steve! On matters about a bureaucracy getting a professional education is important, job training is as... Efficiently accomplished, performing repetitive tasks, creates and maintains order in large societies, too complex,,! Not have an adequate structure and process for the past several years police agencies have proceeded through a traditional but.
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